564 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in Greece, the 

 Greek islands, and around Constantinople and Smyrna ; and by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile, in 

 Lower Egypt. Farther East, was observed by myself in the Malayan archipelago ; by Polynesian 

 colonists, carried to New Zealand, and if not indigenous to Tongatabu, the Samoan, Taheitian, and 

 Hawaiian groups, but seemed absent from the Feejeean. By European colonists, was carried to 

 Madeira (...); to St. Helena, ascertained by myself; and to Northeast America, where it h:,s 

 become an abundant weed, observed even in Arkansas by Nuttall. " D. humifusa," by many writers 

 regarded as a distinct species, was observed around Paris by Richard (Pers.) ; in Sweden by Fries 

 p. 80; in Southern Russia by Bieberstein (Steud.) ; in Japan by Thunberg, but no native name is 

 given ; in Northeast America, has been observed by myself in waste and cultivated ground and in the 

 sand of the seashore, and is described by A. Gray as " in some places appearing as if indigenous, but 

 probably an introduced plant." 



Aspidium obovatum of the Mediterranean countries. The h 6 R b ^ m RiVdlOLumby others 

 called Fel_€ CI n km, resembling FeLlCI according to Apuleius Barbarus 84 and having two rows 

 of gold dots on each leaf, — may be compared : A. obovatum is described by Viviani, as observed by 

 him in Lybia or Cyrene ; was observed by Bory in the Peloponnesus ; and was received by him from 

 Calabria, Corsica, and the Hieres Isles. 



"419 A. D. = 'youan-hi,' 1st year of Koung-ti, of the Tcin." Which dynasty was replaced in 

 this year by the Soung, the seat of government remaining at Nan-king — (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year" (Socrat. and Clint.), a schism among the Arians of "thirty-five" or perhaps 

 " twenty-five " years standing, brought to a close. 



"The same year" (Alst., compare Nicol.), Zosimus succeeded by Bonifacius, fortieth bishop of 

 Rome. 



"420 A. D. = 'young-tsou,' 1st year of Wou-ti III." or Lieou-yu, head of the new dynasty of the 

 Northern Soung — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 



"The same year" (Agath., and Clint), Yesdejerd succeeded by Vararam V., thirteenth Sasanid 

 king of Persia. The persecution against Christians was continued by Vararam V. 



"The same year" (Blair), beginning, on the Lower Rhine under Pharamond, of the kingdom of 

 the French. 



"423 A. D. = 'king-ping,' 1st year of Ying-yagg-wang " or Chao-ti, of the Northern Soung or 

 Tenth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 274). 



"The same year" (Cedren., and Clint), death of Honorius ; leaving Theodosius II. sole emperor. 

 Joannes notwithstanding established himself at Rome over the West. 



"424 A. D. = 'youan-kia,' 1st year of Wen-ti II.," of the Northern Soung or Tenth dynasty 

 (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fifty-second cycle. 



"425 A. D."(Prosp., and Clint), Joannes slain ; and Valentinian III. established over the Western 

 Empire through Theodosius II. Incursions of the Vandali in Mauritania. 



The TaUPeA£*aCof Abyssinia mentioned by Philostorgius iii. n p. 4S2, — and Nicephorus ix. 

 19, and described by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 334 as wild and untameable unlike the Indian 

 species, the accompanying figure also corresponding, is clearly the African buffalo, Bos Caffer. 



" The same year " (Sm. b d.), end of the Ecclesiastical history of Philostorgius. 



"The same year" (cod. Theodos., and Clint.), efforts of Theodosius II. to restore learning: his 

 edict at Constantinople making honorable mention of the Greek grammarians Helladius and Syrianus, 

 the Latin grammarian Theofilus, the rhetors Martinus and Maximus, and the jurist Leontius. 



"426 A. D." (Blair), Britain abandoned by the Romans. 



"428 A. D." (Pauth. 274), embassy from Hindustan, from the "king of Kapila," bringing to 

 Wen-ti II. " diamonds, precious rings, bracelets, and other ornaments of chased gold, and two parrots, 

 one red and the other white." (The event is placed in 408 by Elphinstone iii. 3, who further remarks', 

 that Capili is "the birthplace and capital of Budha, which the Chinese have put for all Magada," and 

 that the Hindu king " Yue-gnai" is perhaps Yajna). 



The "red" parrot was doubtless a lory; brought originally from the extreme Southeastern 

 portion of the Malayan archipelago, or from the neighboring Australian coast. 



The "white" parrot was of course a cockatoo; derived originally from the same quarter:* — 



* Doryanth.es excc'sa of Southern Australia. A liliaceous plant twenty-four feet high, the stem 

 roasted and eaten by the Australians — (geogr. plant, lond. tract soc). Transported to Europe is 

 described by Correa (Steud.). 



Xanthorrhcea hastilis of Southern Australia. The tender inner leaves esculent, and far from dis- 

 agreeable, having a milky taste with a slight balsamic flavour — (lond. tract soc.) : called grass-tree by 

 the colonists ; and observed by myself in Australia, the trunk two to five feet high, crowned with a 

 tuft of grass-like leaves from which the true stem arises. 



