OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 565 



"bianchi pappagalli " are mentioned by Valmiki ramayan. vi. 11 (transl. Gorres.) ; cockatoos, "papa- 

 gaus tous blance come nois et ont les pies et le bee vermoil," were seen in Hindustan by Marco 

 Polo 180. 



"The same year" (Prosp., and Clint), the Franci or the French along the Rhine, defeated by the 

 Roman general Aetius ; sent by Valentinian III. 



"429 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), the churches of Britain recalled from the Pelagian opinions of 

 Agricola, by Germanus ; sent there for this purpose by Celestinus, forty-first bishop of Rome. 



Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.) Vichitrasena reigning 

 in Hindustan. 



"430 A. D." (Socrat., and Clint.), death of Barb as, Arian bishop of Constantinople. About this 

 time, the Burgundians receiving Christianity. 



"To this year" (Steinschneid. i. 5), in Palestine, Hillel being Jewish patriarch, the new moons 

 "determined by testimony" (officially witnessed and announced). — A practice continuing among the 

 Muslims at the present day. 



"431 A. D." (Idat, Prosp., and Clint.), on account of the depredations of the Suevi, the mission 

 of Idatius to Aetius in Gaul. Palladius ordained, and sent by Celestinus as first bishop of the Scots. 



" The same year " (Clint.), Third general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at Ephesus ; "two 

 hundred" bishops being present, and Cyrillus of Alexandria presiding. Nestorius bishop of Con- 

 stantinople was deposed, and his opinions condemned. — The authority of this council continues to be 

 recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph.). 



Hardly later than this year (= 410 -\- " 21 yrs.," Kitt. cycl. bibl ), Moses of Chorene employed on 

 the Armenian Version of the Bible. 



Scleranthits nnnuus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain knawel 

 (Prior), in Sweden '' tandgras " (Linn.); and the worm dyeing red, found according to Moses of 

 Chorene about the root of a grass that grows on Ararat, — is referred by Sprengel to Coccus 

 radicis, occurring within certain geographical limits on S. annuus : a plant mentioned by Lobel adv. 

 183 (Spreng.), termed "knafwel" by Dodoens pempt. 115, "polygonum minus alterum " by Tabernae- 

 montanus 121 7, "vermiculata nova planta" by Columna ecphr i. pi 294, "k. folio et flore viridi " by 

 Ruppius 85, and known to occur from Sweden and Russia throughout middle Europe (C. Bauh , 

 Tourn., fi. dan. pi. 504, engl. bot. pi. 351, and Wats.): was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, every- 

 where in cultivated and fallow ground, the vapour of its decoction among the Swedes and Germans 

 drawn into the mouth to cure toothache ; was observed by Persoon in France, in cultivated and espe- 

 cially calcareous soil ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian 01) mpus ; by Bieberstein, in fallow ground about 

 Caucasus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; clearly by European colonists was carried to North- 

 east America, where it seems naturalized in sunny situations and on rocks, observed by myself from 

 the environs of Salem to Philadelphia; by A. Gray, in "sandy waste places" in the State of New 

 York. 



Nonnus of Panopolis in Egypt may have been at this time writing. — He is mentioned among 

 recent poets and is quoted by Agathias (Sm. b. d.). 



Dipterocarpus lavis of Burmah. The A C N A p N aehNhC distilling, oil from the ends of its 

 branches in the forest beyond the Hydaspes, according to Nonnus dion. xxii. 27, — seems to imply 

 knowledge of the oil tree. D. laevis is described by Buchanan ; and according to Mason v. p. 493 and 

 516, is " one of the most widely diffused trees " in the forests of Burmah, yielding a gum " used by the 

 natives to make torches," also oil in large quantities similarly employed and emitting "a brilliant and 

 durable li^ht," the timber besides much used ; the exported product is one of the wood oils of com- 

 merce, "used for house varnish," and as "a good substitute for fish oil in currying leather," dissolves 

 caoutchouc, but is properly a balsam identical in chemical composition with copaiva. 



About this time, "422 to 451 A D." (tab. hist, de l'Asie, and Pauth. 283), the art of making col- 

 oured "lass brought into China by a merchant from Youe tchi or Scythia. Previously, specimens had 

 been imported "from the West," and sold at high prices. 



433 A. D. (= 411 4- " 22 yrs reign '' of the Mahavams. xxxvii.), Maha-nawma succeeded by his 

 son Sangot, and soon afterwards by Samatissa, now king of Ceylon. — He reigned "one year." 



One hundred and forty-second generation. May 1st, 434, onward mostly beyond youth: the 

 Syriac ecclesiastical writer Isaac of Antioch : the Armenian writer Moses of Chorene : the Greek 

 poets, Ammonius, and Cyrus of Panopolis ; the philosopher Hierocles; the medical writer Jacobus; 

 the grammarian Hyperechius ; the rhetors, Lachares, and Nicolaus ; the Greek ecclesiastical writers, 

 Paufus the Novatian, the three ecclesiastical historians Socrates and Sozomenus and Theodoretus ; 

 Euthalius, and Thalassius : the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Possidius, Eucherius, Vincentius Liri- 

 nensis, Philippus presbyter, and Musaeus of Massilia. 



"The same yeaj" (Marcellin., and Clint.), Honoria excluded from the palace by her brother 

 Valentinian III. ; and her message, inviting Attila king of the Huns into Italy. 



