OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 571 



where there are no wars and the people go unarmed, are however acquainted with writing, employ long- 

 horned cattle for carrying burdens, have besides horses and domesticated deer (Cervus rangiferinus) ; 

 and (according to a more extended extract in lond. sat. rev. 1875) were acquainted with iron, copper, 

 silver, and gold. (Fou-sang, as appears from Klaproth, is one of the nanjes of Japan). 



Hoei-chin had heard of country to the Eastward of Fou-sang, where the women were said to be 

 entirely covered over with long hair — (a possible reference to the Kurile Islands.) 



"In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Nin-ken succeeded by his son Bou-rets, now twenty- 

 sixth dairo of Japan.* 



"The same year = 421 ajin. Saca,'' the Vernal equinox at the beginning of Aswini — according to 

 the rule for precession given by the Hindu astronomer Varaha-Mihira (Bentley as. res. viii. 195 to 

 243). Varaha-Mihira was born at Ujen in 530, and died 587 (Hunter oriss. i. 225). 



"The same year" (Clint, iv. p. 718), first appearance of the Bulgarians. — After "three" years, 

 they entered and ravaged Thrace. 



" The same year " (Nicol.), a synod assembled in Persia: in favour of the marriage of priests and 

 monks. 



The emperor Anastasius continuing the policy of his predecessor in refusing to enforce the decrees 

 of the Council of Chalcedon, and the Western empire having ceased to exist, anathematized by Sym- 

 machus bishop of Rome (perhaps the earliest instance of ecclesiastical influence exerted against royal 

 authority). 



Christianity (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 158 to 230), penetrated "from Abyssinia" to the 

 Nubians "as early as the Sixth century." Remains of a Coptic Christian monastery occur however 

 at Gebel Barkal; with inscriptions on the tomb-stones "partly Greek, partly Coptic ; " also at or near 

 Meroe, a marble slab with the letters Greek or Coptic, but not the language, except the proper names 

 T € UU D T I 0, and on another piece I A K U/ B. — At a later date, a Geez inscription occurs in one of the 

 pyramids at Meroe : of the mounds of brick near Soba, " some are perhaps the remains of Christian 

 churches described by Selim of Assuan in the Tenth century " (Macrizi) : and " throughout the whole 

 province of Dongola," remains of Christian churches are "numerous." 



One hundred and forty-fourth generation. Jan. 1st, 501, onward mostly beyond youth : the Arab 

 poets, El-Azdee, and Zuheyr (see Fresnel, and Lane diet ) : the Greek poet Christodorus ; the phi- 

 losopher Agapius ; other Greek writers, Agapetus ; the Greek ecclesiastical writers, Basilius of Cilicia, 

 Flavianus the younger of Antioch, Severus of Antioch, Paulus of Antioch, Euphrasius, Epiphanius of 

 Constantinople: the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Avitus Viennensis, Ennodius ; the traveller Aculfe 

 (Voyag. Belg.). 



" The same year = ' tchoung-hing,' 1st year of Ho-ti, of the Thsi " or Eleventh dynasty (Chinese 

 chron. table). The last year of the Thsi dynasty. 



"The same year" (Pagius, Blair, and Clint), by Aredius, counsellor to king Gundobagaud or 

 Gundebald, publication of the "Laws of the Burgundians." 



"About this time" (Assemani iv, and Percev. i. 12S), the inhabitants of Nadjran in Yemen con- 

 verted to Christianity by a Syrian named Faymiyoun. 



" 502 A. D. = 'thian-kian,' 1st year of Wou-ti V." or Kao-tsou wou-ti, head of the new dynasty 

 of the Liang — (Chinese chron. table). 



In this year (= "415 fan. jav. -|- I2 years " of Nata Kasuma, Raffles *.), at Astina, abdication of 

 Abiasa in favour of his son Pandu Dewa Nata, now " at the age of fourteen " chief of the Hindu 

 colony on Java. Pandu Dewa Nata is mentioned in the Madura traditions. 



around Bombay, its "dark red" fruit sold in the bazars for making tarts etc. (See Broussonetia 

 papyrifera, and Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis). 



Bipionia tomentosa of Japan. The "thoung" tree whose leaves are compared by Hoei-chin to 

 those of the "fou-sino-," — is referred here by Klaproth : B. tomentosa is mentioned by Ma-touan-lin 

 (Remus, mel. iii. 225) ; was observed by Kaempfer amoen. pi. 860 in Japan, and according to Thunberg 

 trav. is one of the plants yielding oil for burning and eating. 



Dryandra cordata of Japan. The "thoung" tree in question — according to other authorities 

 (lond. sat. rev. 1875) : D. cordata was observed by Kaempfer pi. 23, and Thunberg pi. 27, in Japan. 

 Westward, oil of the tree called "thoung" was found by a Chinese official in 1296 imported from 

 China into Cambodia. From transported specimens, D. cordata is termed " d. oleifera " by Lamarck, 

 " aleurites cordata " by R. Brown. 



* Dioscorea Japonica of Japan. Bou-rets compelled persons to dig with their fingers the root 

 "yama-no imo," — referred here by Klaproth : D. Japonica was observed in Japan by Thunberg, the 

 root esculent and sometimes three feet long ; and according to Klaproth, called by the Chinese 

 " chu-yu." 



