OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



573 



his predecessor, he carried out the decree of the Council of Chalcedon, and adopted energetic meas- 

 ures against the Eutychians. — And after his reign, this continued the settled policy. 



"The same year" (Procop., and Clint.), treaty with Vitalianus. — Who in the following year 

 was recalled by Justin to Constantinople. Coins of Vitalianus are extant. 



"519 A. D." (Alst., and Clint.), end of the chronicle of Cassiodorus. On other subjects, he 

 continued writing. 



"The same year" (Blair), king Arthur defeated by the Saxons under Cerdic. Giving rise to 

 the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 



"The same year" (Nicol.), by a synod in Wales, David (St- David) "elected archbishop of 

 that country." 



"520 A. D." (Malalas, and Clint.), at Antioch, the Olympic games discontinued. 



"The same year" (Gildas hist. 26, Matth. of Westm., and anonym.), the Saxons defeated by 

 king Arthur at the siege of Kair Badon, near the mouth of the Severn. 



" In or about this year" (scholiast, aim. ulst, and Cockayne iii. 397), a hymn in the Irish lan- 

 guage written by Brogan in honour of Brigita or St. Brigit ; who founded the abbey of Kildare about 

 twenty miles from Dublin, — and who died five years later. The hymn is published by Colgan iii. 515. 



"522 A. D." (Theophan., and Clint.), Tzathus vassal of Kobad and king of the Lazi in Colchis, 

 on visiting Constantinople, converted to Christianity and marries a Christian wife. 



" 523 A. D." (Clint.), Boethius in prison writing "-De consolatione philosophia." — In the follow- 

 ing year, he was put to death by Theodoric. Boethius has been termed "the last Roman." 



"August" (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Hormisdas succeeded by Joannes "fifty-first" bishop of 

 Rome. 



"End of October" (Percev. i. 12S), the Christian inhabitants of Nadjran in Yemen massacred 

 by the tobba Dhou-Nowas. 



"The same year" (Cosm., Theophan., and Clint, iv. p. 787), Cosmas Indicopleustes at Adule, 

 and the Abyssinian king Elesbas warring against the Homerites (Himyarites of Yemen). — Parts 

 of the work of Cosmas were written "in 535," and other parts at least twelve years later (Montfaucon, 

 and Yule cath. i. p. xlvii). 



At this time, there were Christians throughout Arabia and among the Homerites (Himyarites) ; 

 in Ethiopia, Axum and the whole region around; on the island of Dioscoridis (Socotra), speaking 

 Greek; among the Persarmenians, Medes, Elamites, Bactrians, "Ounnois," and other Indians, 

 churches and bishops being very numerous throughout all Persia; a church in "Mal£" (I have 

 heard Malabar people termed "Malay" at Mocha), a bishop in "Kalliana" (Calicut) ordained in 

 Persia (Nestorian), and a church under a presbyter on Ceylon ; but Whether there are Christians 

 beyond? not known to Cosmas Indicopleustes iii. p. 178 and xi. p. 336. 



Pterolobitun lacerans of Abyssinia. A shrub six or eiyht feet high called "kantuffa" (Bruce), 

 and the thorns composing the hedge on which the Axumites after passing through the Agau country 

 traded for gold in Sas, mentioned by Cosmas ii. 138, — may be compared : P. lacerans was observed 

 by Bruce in Abyssinia; in some parts of the country growing so thickly as to impede the march of 

 armies (R. Brown, and Grev.). 



In sailing from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, Cosmas Indicopleustes i. p. 132 and xi. p. 337 

 met with great numbers of the bird called COUCta (Sulaf) a little more than twice as large 

 as kites, when the crew afraid of being driven into the main ocean and lost turned to the left and 

 kept along the Arabian coast. He describes " Sinthou " as the beginning of India, separated from 

 Persia by the Indus; the "Ounnoi" (Moguls), white people occupying the Northern portion of 

 India under their king Gollas, who has two thousand elephants and a large force of cavalry an^l rules 

 all India, Cm a pa TAON being in great request, and imported by " AithiopSs " who obtain them 

 through the " Vlemmuon" (from the e?nerald mines of Upper Egypt) ; other people of India whose 

 kings have elephants, are "Sinthou, Orrotha" (Mahratta?), "Kalliana" (Calicut) producing copper 

 and ChCamlNQ HUAa (Dalbergia), " Sivor," and " Malfi " (Malabar) having five emporia from 

 which pepper is exported, " Parti, Maggarouth, Salopatana, Nalopatana, Pouthapatana ; " commerce 

 with all this part of India being carried on from Persia, the Homerites, and Adule. He further 

 describes India as producing gold, nEZEpUlTa or a N6 pa KO {rubies), and laCTTINorAieON 

 IT p a C I N O N {aquamarine ?). 



The island of " Si£l£thiva " (Ceylon) however, the principal emporium, and ruled by two hostile 

 kings : one holding the district producing U a Kl N 6 N (sapphires ?), of which one of extraordinary 

 size is said to be kept in a temple ; and the other king holding the remainder of the island, including 

 the seaports frequented by ships from all India, Persia, and Ethiopia. Among the exports, are 

 a A h N and TCONAaNaN; KOXAlOUC (pearl oysters) from " Marall6 " on the main land 

 (a pearl-fishery at the mouth of the river near Tinnevelly is mentioned in the Raghu-vansa iv. p. 50, 

 res. Asiat. viii. p. 330) ; ClAciBaNAhNON (compare nutmegs produced principally on Banda) from 



