574 • CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"Kavgr" (Nicobar Islands?); KdpUO*UAAON from the next region ; and at last m&TdllN 

 {silk) from "Tsinista" (China), beyond which there is nothing but ocean Eastward. 



Pterocarpus sanlalinus of Southern Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " rutka-chundun " or 

 "chundana," in Sanscrit " chandana ; " in which we recognize the TZaNAaNON exported from 

 Ceylon in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 337 : — red sandalwood 'was found by Hieronymo 

 de Santo Stephano so abundant in Coromandel that houses were built of it (R. H. Major in soc. 

 Hakl.) ; and is known to be the product of P. santalinus, a lofty tree growing on the Palicat mountains 

 (Pers.). The imported timber is described as heavy and of a deep red colour, marked with blackish 

 veins ; but according to Lindley, is " chiefly used by the dyers and colour manufacturers of the 

 present day." 



Caryophyllus aromaliais of the Moluccas. The KapUOOllAAON brought from the far East 

 to Ceylon in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes, — and known in the Mediterranean countries to 

 Paulus Aegineta vii. 3, and Symeon Sethus, is admitted to be cloves : among the Arabs, cloves are 

 mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna; I met with a quantity imported by the way of Mecca into the 

 Thebaid ; and the medicinal use in Egypt of ''qurumfil abjad " is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. 

 Even in the Moluccas, C. aromaticus is perhaps unknown in the wild state (A Dec.) ; an indigenous 

 tree producing buds that are not aromatic being regarded by Rumphius ii. pi. 1 to 3 as the origin: 

 the cultivation of the aromatic kind, unknown elsewhere until recently, has been successfully intro- 

 duced by the Arabs into Zanzibar, the climate in both instances being strictly Equatorial. Besides 

 the use as a spice, cloves are " stimulant and carminative," and the oil " is a common remedy for 

 toothach" (Lindl.). 



"524 A. D." (Wathen soc. calcutt. iv. 480, and Elph. iv. 1), in Guzerat, the Ballabi dynasty of 

 kings terminated by an invading army of barbarians (supposed by Tod to be Parthians). It was 

 succeeded by the Chauras, another Rajput tribe. 



'• 525 A. D." (Alst. p. 404, Holmes from Beda hist. p. 28 places in " 567 "). the earliest instance 

 of the use of the Christian Era. In the writings of Dionysius Exiguus, a Scythian monk. — This 

 substitution for the Diocletian Era was by degrees adopted throughout Europe : but the original 

 computation has continued uninterrupted among the Christian population of Egypt to the present 

 day (Lane). 



" In this year" (Percev. i. 130), through the cooperation of Justin and the patriarch of Alexandria, 

 Dhou-Nowas defeated and slain by the forces of the Abyssinian king Elesbas or Caleb : the victorious 

 general Aryat becoming governor or viceroy of Yemen. 



Manuscripts of about this date, '• 523 to 526 A. D." (De Wailly pi. iii. 1 and 2), presenting the 

 following forms of the letters r, m, n. 



" 526 A. D." (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Joannes bishop of Rome returning from Constantinople, 

 imprisoned at Ravenna by Theodoric ; and dying '' May 25th," his body transported to Rome, and 

 Felix ordained his successor. — Theodoric is called " Dietrich of Bern " (Verona) in the Niebeluno-en- 

 Lied (Sm. b. d.). 



"Aug. 30th" (Paul. Diac, Lib. pontif., and Clint.), death of Theodoric, and accession at 

 Ravenna of his grandson Athalaric, third Gothic king of Italy. 



" In the Sixth century under the Eastern Gothic government" (Lubke and Lutrow), the basilica 

 S. Apollinare built near Ravenna. — " This wonderful church is still well preserved." 



Aetius about this time writing. — He is mentioned by Alexander Trallianus (Sm. b. d.). 



F.ryugiiiHif laterifloruni of the East Mediterranean countries. A singular plant, dividing above 

 into numerous branches (Pers.): the " eryngium montanum " of Aetius, having small narrower leaves, 

 and yellow flowers in the form of an eye, — may be compared : an " eryngium " having " aureum vel 

 galbineum " flowers is mentioned also by Vegetius i. 17 to iii. 2 (Dod. iv. 4. 13): E. lateriflorum was 

 mistaken for a grass by Tournefort cor. p. 39 and termed "gramen orientale spicatum ; " is known to 

 grow " in Oriente " (Pers.) ; but according to Delaroche is not an Eryngium (Steud.). 



Thymus ifiavevlcHs of Greece. The black GUmOC called SAASBOpOC, to be avoided 

 according to Aetius — (Caesalp. xi 47), may be compared: T. graveo.'ens is described by Sibthorp 

 pi. 576, as observed on mount Parnassus. 



Serapias rubra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An orchid called in Germany 

 "ragwurtz" (Fuchs.) ; and the T p I p X I C of Aetius, — and Paulus Aegineta, may be compared : 

 S. rubra, triple-rooted, is termed "triorchis serapias mas " by Fuchsias pi. 5^9, "helleborine montana 

 angustilblia purpurascens " by Tournefort inst. 436 ; was observed by Crantz in Austria, by Haller pi. 

 42 in Switzerland ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fi. Dan. pi. 345, 

 Engl. bot. pi. 437, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount Parnassus. 



'•527, April to July 31st" (coins, Cedren., and Clint.), Justin succeeded by Justinian, ninth 

 Byzantine emperor. 



" In or about this year " (Bentl. as. res. viii. 233), the positions of the colures found by Brahma 



