OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 575 



Gupta to differ " 23° 20' from the time of Parasara. Brahma Gupta founded a new System with a 

 period of millions of years, and no Sanscrit writing following the new System earlier therefore than 

 this date.* 



" Under Justinian " (Sharpe), traces of an independent Egyptian coinage again make their appear- 

 ance : the inscriptions continuing in Latin ; but the abbreviated name of Alexandria is in Greek 

 letters, and the system of weights differs from that of Constantinople. 



" At this time " (Leontius act. Sanct. Jan. xxiii.), corn carried in Alexandrian ships to Cornwall 

 in Britain, and exchanged for tin. 



528 A. D. (Pauth. 277), after reigning "twenty-six" years, Wou-ti V. abdicating, became a con- 

 vert to Budhism, and made himself a bonze or priest. He was however brought back to the palace 

 by the chief men, and reinstated. — From this time Budhists and Budhist temples became numerous 

 in China. 



The teocallies or pyramids or Teotihuacan, the most ancient Mexican monuments, built before 

 the arrival of the Toltecs — (Humb. atl. pict. ; see A. D. 648). 



Phaseolus vulgaris of Tropical America. The kidney-bean, called in the bay of St. Lawrence 

 " sahe " (J. Cart.), on the Roanoak " okindgier " and a smaller kind " wikozowa " (Har.), in the Oui- 

 chua language of Peru "purutu," in Mexican " ayacotli ; " and cultivated by American tribes from 

 the earliest times — (Humb. . . . iv. 9) : "a sort of beans " was found by Columbus under cultivation 

 on Cuba, and " red and white beans " were afterwards seen by him in Honduras (F. Columb. 28 to 

 90) : beans were found by De Soto cultivated by the aboriginals in Florida . " febues " were seen by 

 J. Cartier in the bay of St. Lawrence : beans of various colours, by Hariot on the Roanoak, also a 

 smaller kind little differing in form but more like pease (De Bry i.) : " beanes " were seen by New- 

 port in 1607 in ascending the James river: "beans of various collours," by the English colonists in 

 1620 on first landing on Cape Cod ; and " Indian beans falsely called French beans " are enumerated 

 by Josselyn rar. 56 : P. vulgaris is known to be cultivated in Northeast America from Florida nearly 

 to 48 . By European colonists, may have been carried from Canada by the way of France to Eng- 

 land ; was already in Europe in the days of Fuchsius 708, Matthioli, and Dodoens ; was observed by 

 Chaubard in Greece ; by Forskal, "lubia Frandji " in Egypt; by Royle, under cultivation at Cash- 

 mere (A. Dec); by Graham, " commonly cultivated " in the environs of Bombay, but not seen by 

 myself; by Wight, in other portions of peninsular Hindustan ; by Thunberg, in Japan ; also by Euro- 

 pean colonists was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, verified by myself. 



Phaseolus coccineus, by some considered a variety only, probably also known to the tribes of 

 Northeast America: — it is called scarlet runner, and continues to be planted with the preceding, as 

 though by borrowed custom. Transported to Europe, is termed " faseolus puniceo flore " by Cornuti 

 pi. 185, as cultivated for ornament at Paris; is described also by Linnaeus, and Kniphof cent. xii. 75 

 (Steud., and Pers.) ; and was observed by Chaubard on the Greek islands. 



Manihot utilissima of Eastern Equatorial America. The cassava or tapioca shrub, called in the 

 West Indies " yuca " (Ovied.), and cultivated by American tribes from the most remote antiquity — ■ 

 (Humb. iv. 9) : " cazabi " seasoned with " axis " was found by Columbus the principal diet of the 

 natives of Aiti or Hayti (F. Columb. 34 to 36 ; and a kind of bread called " cagabi," made of roots 

 of the "yuca," is mentioned by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 6 ; is known to have also been cultivated by the 

 native tribes throughout Brazil (Pohl) : M. utilissima was observed also in and around the West 

 Indies by J. Acosta, Plumier, and Sloane. By European colonists, was carried to Equatorial Africa 

 (Thonn. guin., and Benth. fl. nigr.), observed by Grant in Interior Africa South of the Equator, 

 ascertained by myself to be cultivated by the Unyamuezi, observed also on Zanzibar ; was carried 

 also to the Mauritius Islands (Thomas stat. Bourb. ii. 18, and A. Dec); "by the Portuguese" to 

 Hindustan, observed by Ainslie, and Graham, in gardens as " an ornamental shrub," but now accord- 

 ing to Drury extensively cultivated in the Southern districts and called in Malabar " maracheenie," 

 in Tamil " maravallie," the poorer classes living on the root during three months of the year ; to 

 Burmah, where it is called "pu-lau-pe-nang-myouk," and its root boiled and eaten by Karens and 

 Burmese (Mason v. 507) ; and to the Philippines, where it is called in Tagalo " camoting cahoi," 

 and many varieties are cultivated (Blanco). 



* Hiptao-e madablota of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large woody climbing plant called 

 in Hindustan " madhavilata " (W. Jones), in the environs of Bombay "bokhee" or "utimookta" 

 (Graham); a favourite with Sakuntala, who terms it "delight of the woods," — mentioned also by 

 Jayadeva, and Kalidasa (W. Jones as. res. iv. 282), and the "atimukta" by Susrutas chikits. 19 to 

 kalp. 7 : H. madablota was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. pi. 59, Roxburgh, and Wight ; by 

 Graham, " in great abundance on the Ghauts," the flowers fringed and very beautiful, one of the 

 petals yellow and the other four white ; the bark according to Lush " a very good sub-aromatic bitter." 

 Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah. 



