580 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" In this year " (Humb. cosm. L), a comet; the second one whose orbit is known from Chinese 

 observations. 



" 540 A. D." (Clint.), by Belisarius, Ravenna captured, and Witiges taken prisoner, and conveyed 

 to Constantinople. Ildibad was now elected sixth Gothic king of Italy. 



"In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Zin-qua succeeded by his brother Kin-me'i, now thirtieth 

 dairo of Japan. 



" 541 A. D." (Procop., and Clint.), accession of Eraric, seventh Gothic king of Italy. He reigned 

 "five months ;" and in "autumn" was succeeded by Totilas. Coins of Totilas are extant. 



" The same year " (Clint.), end of the annual consulships ; Fl. Basilius being appointed sole consul. 

 — The next "twenty-four" years were numbered in his consulship. 



"542 A. D." (Malal.and Clint.), pestilence; beginning in Egypt at Alexandria, and gradually 

 extending, — Eastward in the following year to Persia, and Westward to Italy; spreading over and 

 desolating all parts of the known world. 



"The same year" (Usher) in Britain, king Arthur slain in battle at Camelon in Cornwall. He is 

 said to have been succeeded by Constantine : — who was buried close by Uther within the structure 

 of stones called Stonehcnge (Geoff. Monm. xi. 4). 



"543 A. D." (Procop., and Clint.), capture of Naples by the Goths under Totilas; who next 

 besieged Dryus, and marched towards Rome. 



In the most ancient times, according to Peruvian tradition (Salcam. edit. Markh. 70), "all the 

 nations of Ttahuantin-suyu came from beyond Potosi in four or five armies arrayed for war," and 

 " settled in the different districts as they advanced." After the country became peopled, the land 

 proved " insufficient, there were wars and quarrels, and all the nations occupied themselves in making 

 fortresses, and every day there were encounters and battles." At length there arrived "a bearded 

 man " called Tonapa or Tarapaca, having " long hair," dressed " in a rather long shirt," and travelling 

 with a staff . He "spoke all languages," performed miracles, healing by touch, and taught -'the 

 natives with much love." His teachings were in general not much regarded, by some of them were 

 recorded by '' marking and scoring sticks." 



On visiting the town of Tiyahuanacu, Tonapa found the inhabitants drinking and dancing, and as 

 they would not listen to him, denounced them : on his departure, " all the people who were dancing 

 were turned into stones, and they may be seen to this day" (S.ilcam. 73, see also C. de Molina). 

 The great unfinished buildings at Tiahuanaco, regarded as the most ancient in Peru, are composed of 

 huge blocks of stone, some of them "thirty-eight feet by eighteen and six deep" (Acost. vi. 14. 419), 

 and brought from a distance. — The district was conquered by Mayta Capac, the fourth inca (Mark, 

 edit. Ciez. p. 378). 



On the Vinaque river not far from Guamanga on the Peruvian Andes remains of "great and very 

 ancient edifices," built (according to the natives) by " bearded and white people" who "many ages 

 before " the incas came to these parts "and formed a settlement here." — They resembled the Euro- 

 pean strangers, and the buildings together with some others seen by Cieza de Leon lxxxvii "were 

 square," and not " long and narrow " like those of the incas. 



Further (according to tradition among the inhabitants of the Collao), before their country was 

 conquered by the incas, one of their two great lords Sapana and Cari found upon the large island in 

 Lake Titicaca " a white people who had beards," fought with and exterminated them — (Ciez. C). 



In the anterior ages,* — or perhaps " in the time of the Toltec monarchy" (Humb.), .Mexico 

 visited by Quetzalcohuatl, a bearded white man, accompanied by other strangers wearing black gar- 

 ments in the form of cassocks (compare the black dress of the Anamese, and Terminalia catappa used 

 for dyeing black on the Philippines). 



* Aquilegia formosa of Northwest America. A species of columbine, its root from early times 

 eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Mertens on Norfolk Sound; and received 

 from Northwest America by Fischer ; but regarded as possibly not distinct from A. Canadensis. 



Acfi/vs triphylla of Western Oregon. From early times used medicinally by the natives, in 

 decoction for pain in the breast — (R. Brown jun.) : growing according to Hooker at the mouth of 

 the Columbia. 



Acer macrophyllum of Western Oregon. A maple called by the Cowichans " kammalelep " (R. 

 Brown jun.), and from early times used for making paddles, gambling disks and polished sticks : — 

 observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia river (Pursh) ; and according to Hooker, confined to 

 the mountains along the coast from 50° to 40 . 



Acer circinatitm of Western Oregon. The vine maple, from early times used by the natives for 

 making bowls — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the rapids of the Columbia ; by 

 myself, tangling swamps between the mount Rainier ridge and the Pacific ; and according to Hooker, 

 grows along the coast from 49° to 43 



