532 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



mountains and the Altaian, were unacquainted with iron, and appear to have had their chief dwelling- 

 place among the mountains on the Upper Yenisei : where are magnificent tombs containing finely- 

 worked gold ornaments and other precious articles, but their picks and other mining utensils as well 

 as their knives daggers and arrow-points are all of copper. They used however an oval stone mallet 

 grooved around to receive a thong, and were acquainted with the manufacture of leather. On the 

 contrary, the Mongols and Tartars have always possessed the art of smelting iron, but to the pres- 

 ent day know nothing of copper. The tombs were found by Pallas iii. 333 to 421 much resembling 

 some he had seen in Brandebourg and other parts of Germany. 



Allium fistulosum of the Altaian mountains. Distinguished by its ventricose leaves and called 

 in Britain welsh onion from the German " walsch " foreign (Prior), in Germany "schnittzwiebel" 

 (Lenz), in Greece " pikra kr'ommuthia " (Fraas), by the Russians among the Altaian mountains 

 " boutoun " (Pall.) and known there from early times ; — termed " cepa rupestri radice turbinata 

 dulci Stelleri " by Gmelin i. 64; observed by Pallas iii. 204 to 4S4 abounding on all the higher parts 

 of the Altaian mountains, pleasant to the taste, suitable for culinary purposes, and succeeding in 

 gardens. Westward, was observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece, besides springing up spon- 

 taneously ; and from Germany was introduced into Britain (Prior). 



Ribes (Grossttlaria) saxatile of the Altaian mountains. Called there "krasnaia smorodina" or 

 '•kislitza," its acid red fruit, large as raisins, mixed with water from early times as a refreshing drink; 

 — observed by Pallas iii. 220 near Golzofka. 



Spiraea laevigata of the Altaian mountains. Called by the Russians '• irga " or " kizilnik," known 

 from early times, — and its stems used for ramrods (Pall.) ; observed by Laxmann near Kolivan 

 (Steud ) ; by Pallas iii. 264, also among the Altaian mountains. 



Rhod ' •lieiiaran Daiiricitm of Fast Siberia. Called on the Upper Yenisei "bagoulnik" and 

 known from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 129 in all the pine woods from Oudinsk to beyond 

 Lake Baical. From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus and Andrews repos. pi. 4. 



'■The same year" (Humboldt atl. pict., Clavigero i. 84 gives "596"), commencement of the 

 migration of the Toltecs :* who were now leaving their own country, Huehuetlapallan or Tlapallan. 



Abionia armaria of the seashore of Oregon and California. Herbaceous and decumbent, its 

 roots from early times eaten by the Chinnooks — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Menzies in Califor- 

 nia (Hook.). 



.-ll/ies Meiiziesii of Alaska and Western Oregon. A spruce, from early times furnishing hats for 

 the sea-going tribes — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas. 



Abies Mertensiana of Oregon. A spruce, its liber or inner bark from early times used by the 

 natives medicinally, for sticking-plaster — (R. Brown jun.). 



Endosmia Gardneri of Western Oregon. Called by the Nisqually " s'hah-gok " (R. Brown jun.), 

 and from early times its root eaten by the natives. — From transported specimens, described by 

 Hooker and Arnott. 



Calochortus elegaus of the Columbia. Its root from early times "eaten by the natives;" — 

 observed by Lewis and Clark " on the head-waters of the Kooskoosky " (Ph). 



Xcrophylliun tenax of the Rocky mountains. Its " very tenacious leaves " from early times woven 

 by the natives into "water-tight baskets, which they use for cooking their victuals in ;" — observed 

 by Lewis and Clark " on high lands near the Rocky mountains " (Ph). 



Rhodymenia sp. of shallow water of the ocean-margin of Northwest America. An esculent sea- 

 weed, from early times compressed by the natives into cakes for winter use — (R. Brown jun.). 



Phyllophora Mcuziaii of the ocean-margin of Northwest America. A seaweed, its long stipes 

 from early times furnishing the natives with excellent fishing-lines — (R. Brown jun.). Transported 

 to Europe, described by Agardh. 



* Aesculus Ca/iforuica of California. The California horse-chestnut, its nuts from early times 

 ground into a gruel or soup by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall. 



Trifolium involiicratuni of Nevada and California. From early times, clover as well as grass 

 eaten by the Digger tribe — (R. Brown jun.). T. involucratum according to Hooker grows in Cali- 

 fornia, from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific. By Spanish colonists, was carried to Cuba (Ortega, 

 and Pers.) ; and to Valparaiso in Chili (Hook.). 



Arctostaphylos glauca of California. The iiianzanitta, its berries eaten by grizzly bears, and 

 from early times by the natives — (R. Brown jun.). 



(literals sp. of the Sacramento. Its acorns from early times pounded and ground into gruel, 

 cooked in water-tight baskets by the natives : — observed by myself growing in a scattered manner 

 to a short distance on either side of the Sacramento, the only tree throughout its middle course. 



Quercus sp. of Northwest America. The acorns of several species of oak from early times eaten 

 by the natives — (R. Brown jun.). 



