OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 583 



Of the arts attributed to the Toltecs, smelting metals, cutting the hardest stones, weaving cloth, 

 and dyeing with indigo, do not appear to have originated in America ; but were brought from Asia, 

 though certainly not by Polynesians. 



One of the traditional Toltec leaders was Wotan or Wodan, — and at the time of the Spanish 

 conquest, a family in the village of Teopixa boasted of being descended from Wotan (Humb. cosm. 

 iv). A mythical connexion traceable perhaps through the Ainos of the Kurile Islands and Northern 

 Japan. 



"The same year" (Procop., and Clint.), by Justinian, Belisarius recalled from the East, and 

 sent with insufficient forces into Italy. 



"545 A. D." (Alst. p. 369), on the authority of the before-mentioned synod at Carthage, the 

 pretensions of the bishop of Rome opposed by the Ligurian, Venetian, and Istrian bishops. 



"546, Dec. 17th" (Procop., and Clint.), Rome betrayed to Totilas ; who entering in the night, 

 pillaged the city, set it on fire, and destroyed a third of the city wall. He was however soon repelled 

 by Belisarius ; who rebuilt the wall and fortifications. 



" 547, February " (Malal., and Clint.), arrival in Constantinople of Vigilius bishop of Rome ; 

 invited by Justinian. 



"The same year" fProcop., and Clint.), irruption of Slavonians into Illyricum. Slavonian 

 Czekhes (according to Talvi iii. 1) displacing the Celtic Boii from Bohemia, —which country they 

 occupy to the present day. 



"548 A. D." (Marius, and Clint.), death of Theudebert ; and accession of his son Theudebald 

 as king of the French. 



"549 A. D." (Procop , and Clint.), Belisarius having left for Constantinople, Rome again cap- 

 tured by Totilas; who thence proceeded South to Tarentum and Rhegium, and invaded'Sicily. 



"550 A. D. = ' ta-pao,' 1st year of Kian-wen-ti " or Kian-wen II., of the Liang or Twelfth 

 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year" (= 9th of Sridharasena, Jacquet, and Gildem. 43), date of a Hindu poem 

 composed at Valabhi in Guzerat (Bhattik. xxii. 35). 



As early as this date (see Percev. i. 292), the " Djazm " or Arabic alphabet invented at Anbar 

 in Irak by Moramir of the Yemen tribe of Tay. — The invention was carried to the Coraysh tribe 

 at Mecca by Harb "in or about 560" (De Sacy). The diacritic points were added under the first 

 Ommiad khalifs. 



"551 A. D." (Theoph., and Clint.), the Roman bishop Vigilius remaining in Constantinople, 

 ordered by Justinian to be seized ; and taking refuge at the altar, assaulted there. 



" The same year " (Theophan. Byzant. in Phot. bibl. cod. 64), living silkworms, Bombyx mori, 

 brought from Eastern Asia to the Mediterranean countries ; and the manufacture of silk now intro- 



Pinus ponderosa of Southern Oregon. From early times, dug-out canoes made of its trunk by 

 the natives — (R. Brown jun.). 



Pinus Lambcrtiana of Southwestern Oregon and the adjoining portion of California. From 

 early times, a kind of manna or purgative sugar obtained by the natives by scorching its trunk — 

 (Brack., and.R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas in California between 40 and 43 ; by Bracken- 

 ridge, on our land-expedition from the Lower Columbia to the Sacramento. 



Taxus brevifolia of Western Oregon and the adjoining portion of California. A species of yew, 

 called among the native tribes by names signifying "fighting wood," and from early times used for 

 bows ; the arrows being of cedar, or various species of reeds, tipped with poison obtained from the 

 rattle-snake — (R. Brown jun.): T. brevifolia was observed by Nuttall ; by myself on the mount 

 Rainier ridge, a slender spruce-like tree sometimes fifty feet high ; by R. Brown jun., abundant about 

 Shasta mountain. 



Chlorogalum pomeridianum of California. The amole plant, its bulbous root from early times 

 used by the natives as a substitute for soap, — also by their successors, the Spanish settlers (R. Brown 

 jun.) : detached roots were shown me at the Bay of San Francisco. The plant from transported 

 specimens is described by Kunth. 



Hordeitm jnbatum of the seashore and Interior salines of North America. A tasseled grass, 

 its seeds from early times especially held in request among the Shoshones of Southern Oregon — 

 (R. Brown jun ) : observed by myself in salt-marshes along the Atlantic from 45 to 42 ; by Nuttall, 

 in Massachusetts and on the Missouri ; by E. James, along the Missouri and Platte ; by Lewis and 

 Clark, on the Missouri ; by Drummond, as far as 54° near Fort Cumberland; and according to A. 

 Gray, grows on the shore of the Great Lakes ; according to Hooker, as far as Mackenzie river and 

 the confluence of the Columbia with the sea. In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by J. D. 

 Hooker at Port Famine in the Straits of Magellan ; and he thinks a species found by Hanke in 

 Chili will prove identical (A. Dec). From transported specimens, described by Linnxus (Steud.). 



