OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 587 



Ceratospermum papposum of the plains of middle Asia from the Caspian to Tropical Arabia. 

 Called in Yemen "sasnaam" or "saelaam" (Forsk.), by the Cossacks on the Yaik "vetlovnik," and 

 known from early times, —observed on the Yaik by Pallas trav. i. 435 ; by Forskal p. 48, on the basal 

 portion of the mountains of Yemen, the clustered flowers lanate and pappus-like. C. lanatum, observed 

 by Lewis, and Nuttall, on the Upper Missouri, may prove distinct. 



Scorzonera caricifolia of the Uralian plains. Called by the Kirghis " idschelik," and eaten as greens 

 from early times, — observed by Pallas iii and v. 512 beyond Omsk, and frequent in the sandy plains 

 of the Kirghis Desert. 



Cram.be Orientalis of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks on the Lower Volga " white 

 katran." and from early times its stem and root eaten crude, — observed by Pallas v. 170 ; received 

 by Bieberstein from the country around the Taurian mountains and termed " c. aspera." In Britain 

 has recently escaped from a garden near Fochabers, but is not as yet completely naturalized (Wats, 

 cyb. i. 115, and A. Dec). 



Cytisus Wolgaricus of the Uralian plains. A beautiful many-stemmed bush called " tamahnes- 

 chil-ebessyn " camel-sinew, and from early times valued as feed for horses and sheep, but not eaten 

 by camels, — observed by Pallas v. 203 to 510 from the Lower Volga to tributaries of the Don. 



Astragalus cicer of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga " chlopounzi," and from 

 early times its seeds eaten crude, — observed there by Pallas v. 329; by Sestini, near Constantinople 

 (Sibth.) ; is termed "glaux" by Rivinus tetrap. pi. 108, "a. luteus perennis siliqua gemella rotunda 

 vesicam referente " by Tournefort inst. 416 ; and is known to grow as far West as Austria, Germany, 

 Switzerland, and Italy (Jacq. austr. pi. 251, Moench, and Pers.). 



Astragalus arenarius of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks of the Upper Irtich 

 " tchiltchasnaia-trava," and from early times given to horses afflicted with the strangles— (Pall.) : 

 observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 21 in Siberia; by Pallas iii. 143, on the Irtich beyond Omsk. 



Chrysocoma villosa of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks on the Yaik "stepnaia polin " 

 (Pall.), and known from early times : — observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 52 in Siberia and Tartary ; by 

 Pallas i. in to 435, from 55 on the Volga to the Yaik. 



Saussurea amara ot the Uralian plains. Called by Cossacks of the Yaik "gorkaia trava" 

 (Pall), strongly but agreeably bitter, and from early times employed medicinally in intermittent 

 fevers, and applied to animals suffering from poisonous bites: — termed "jacea erecta minor lati- 

 oribus foliis " by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 15 ; observed by Pallas i. 593 on the Lower Yaik ; and known 

 to grow in Siberia (Pers.). 



Euphorbia agraria of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Yaik " koura," and known from 

 early times, chickens losing their eyesight by feeding on it, — observed by Pallas i. 224 to 600 on the 

 Lower Volga and Yaik ; described also by Bieberstein (Steud.). 



Nitraria Shoberi of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Yaik "samanicha," and known 

 from early times, — observed by Pallas trav. i. 606 frequent there. 



Anabasis cretacea of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks of the Yaik "joujovnik" also 

 "kislaia trava," and known from early times, — observed by Pallas trav. i. 691 on chalky hills within 

 the Calmuck district. 



Calligonum Pallasii of the Uralian plains. A shrub three or four feet high, called by the 

 Kirghis and Calmuks " torlok " (Pall.), and known from early times : — observed by Pallas ii. 548 

 frequent throughout the sandy plains from the Lower Volga to the Yaik and along the Caspian, said 

 to grow also in the Kirghis district. 



Sophora orientalis of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks on the Upper Irtich "prounez," 

 and from early times used medicinally, — observed there by Pallas iii. 187. 



Ephedra monostachya of the Uralian plains. Called by the Kirghis " kisiltscha," by the Russians 

 " stepnaia-malina " (Pall.), and its berries eaten from early times: — observed by Pallas iii. 189 on 

 the Upper Irtich ; and known to grow as far West as Hungary (Pers.). 



Artemisia santonica of the Uralian plains. Its seeds from early times brought under the name 

 of "semen sanctum" from Tartary and Persia — (Pers.) : the plant observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 51 in 

 Siberia; by Pallas i. to iii. 290, from the Yaik to the Altaian mountains. From transported speci- 

 mens described by Lobel icon. 756 (Pers.). 



Crypsis aculeata of the Uralian plains. A grass known from early times : — observed by Pallas 

 iii. 186 to 482 in arid saline situations from the Upper Irtich to the Yaik; by Forskal p. 18, Delile, 

 and myself, from Alexandria to Cairo, no native name" given ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 

 the base of the Bithynian Olympus to the Peloponnesus ; is described also by Matthioli pi. 709; 

 and is known to occur in Italy, Southern France, Spain, and Barbary. By European colonists was 

 carried to North America, observed by myself in the streets of Philadelphia. " C. schoenoides," 

 differing only from growing in more sheltered and fertile situations, was observed by Delile, and 

 myself, in Egypt. 



