OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 591 



San/alum ka-ra-mai of the Siamese countries. An inferior kind of sandal wood known in com- 

 merce as early perhaps as this date ; — produced according to Mason v. 500 " by a tree in the southern 

 part of Mergui." 



"589 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Alexandria. On a dispute between the Jews and Samaritans 

 respecting Deut. xviii. 15. 



"The same year" (Steinschneid. i. 4), Chanan, head of a leading Jewish school in Babylonia and 

 the " first to bear the title of Gaon " (meaning excellence). 



"590, Sept. 3d" (Clint, iv. p. 841), Pelagius the younger succeeded by Gregorius Magnus, sixty- 

 second bishop of Rome. Who disputed precedence with the bishop of Constantinople. 



"Also in September" (Eutych., and Clint, iv. p. 842), death of Hormisdas III., nineteenth 

 Sasanid king of Persia. 

 • "The same year" (art de verif.), Japan divided into seven districts. 



"The same year (= 4th year of Recared," Clint.), end of the chronicle of Joannes Biclariensis. 



"591, summer" (chron. Pasch., Theophylact., and Clint, iv. p. 830), Bahram or Vararam defeated 

 by the forces of Mauricius, and Chosroes II. restored as Sasanid king of Persia. 



"592 A. D." (Mason ii. 21), in Burmah, Wemala succeeded by his son Katha as king of Pegu. 

 Katha was devoted to Budhism; — built monasteries and zayats, excavated tanks, made offerings to 

 the priests, and reigned "seven" years. 



Diospyros tau-boke and D. pen-lay-boke, "two species of ebony in Tavoy," — the one growing near 

 the sea and called sea-"boke," the other in the Interior and called jungle-" boke^' (Mason v 542). 

 In seeming connexion with " Bookin," the name of Madagascar among the Soahili of Zanzibar (see 

 D. reticulata). 



" March 19th " (Theophylact, Zonar., Theophan., and Clint.), Mauricius on his way to Thrace, 

 and a great eclipse of the sun. 



" The same year" (M. Russell p. ill), possession of the Arabian and Abyssinian ports acquired 

 by a Persian armament. 



Pennisetum dicholomum of the Egyptian and Arabian Desert. A grass called there "tummam " 

 or " thummam " (Forsk ), in which we recognize the " thumam " identified with the " djelit " of Nabega 

 Dhobyani, — alluded to by Lobid as marking an abandoned encampment, mentioned also by Djewhari, 

 and A. A. Elhafits, and by Ebn Baitar as growing in Egypt and the Hedjaz : P. dichotomum was 

 observed by Forskal p. 20 frequent in the Arabian Desert, eaten by camels and donkeys, and em- 

 ployed besides for filling in and thatching the walls and roof of dwellings ; was observed by Dehle in 

 Desert-ravines near Suez ; and farther West, the " Cenchrus rufescens " of Barbary is regarded by 

 him as perhaps identical. 



"593 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Siou-zioun succeeded by his sister Soui-ko, widow of his 

 brother Bin-dats and now thirty-fourth dairo of Japan ; the first woman who attained that position. 



"In the reign of Suiko " (Jap. centen. comm. 60), "the pagoda of the temple of Koriuji, province 

 of Yamato, was built of bricks." 



" In the reign of Suiko" (Jap. centen. comm. 83), "the manufacture of paper, together with the 

 tree* yielding the best raw material," introduced by the Corean priest Donchio into Japan. 



early times : — received from Burmah by Roxburgh fi. 25 ; and enumerated by Mason as indigenous 

 there. " From Bengal" was introduced by Nimmo into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 



Curcuma petiolata of Burmah. Having small yellow flowers, and known from early times : — ■ 

 received by Roxburgh fl i. 37 from Pegu ; and enumerated by Mason as indigenous. " From Bengal" 

 was introduced by Nimmo into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 



* Broussoneiia papyri/era of Tropical Eastern Asia. The paper ?nulberry is called on Celebes 

 "kaili" (Royle fibr.), in Japan "kodzu," is cultivated as far as central Nippon, and furnishes material 

 so tough that it is sometimes cut into strips and woven like cloth — (Jap. c. c. 77 to 84): B. papyrifera 

 was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, frequent in Southern Japan. Farther East, by myself 

 under cultivation by the natives of the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Groups, 

 though the bark of other woody Urticaceae was sometimes substituted for beating "tapa" ox paper- 

 cloth. Even on Celebes, Navarrete in 1658 met with people wearing cloth made "from bark beaten 

 with a stone." Westward from Japan, paper is said to be sometimes made from the bark by the 

 Chinese ; and the " coarse paper " of the peculiarly-folded Burmese books is often furnished by this 

 tree, which is at hand indigenous "in the forest" (Mason v. 522; see Morus Indica). 



Hibiscus 'Abelmoschus) manihot of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Herbaceous, called in Japan 

 "tororo," and "the gummy infusion of" its root used in making paper — (Jap. c. ... 85). Eastward, 

 was carried to Feejeean Islands, and clearly by Polynesian colonists to the Tongan, Samoan, and 

 Taheitian Islands, as verified by myself; was received by Cavanilles iii. pi. 63 from the " Indiis " 



