596 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Burmann pi. 77, on Ceylon ; by Mason v. 479, indigenous in Burmah, and its bark used medicinally. 

 By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Lindl., not mentioned by Bojer). Its 

 bark called in commerce cotiessi, "has been introduced into European practice on account of its 

 astringent febrifugal qualities" (Lindl.). 



Aschpias (Calotropis) gigantea of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " akund," in Telinga 

 "nella-jilledoo," in Tamil "yercum," in Malabar "yerica," in Hindustanee " mudar" or " ark " (Drur.), 

 in the environs of Bombay " arka " or " akaree " or " rowee " (Graham), in Burmah " ma-yo " (Mason), 

 in Tagalo "capal capal " (Blanco) ; in which we recognize "searching for the herb 'acun' but only 

 desire its milk" of the Ramayana— (transl. W. Jones), honey in the "arkka" flower of a Sanscrit 

 proverb (Wils. edit. Sankh. karik. 11), and the "arka" yielding milk prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 

 36 to chik. 1 to 25 : C. gigantea is termed "madorius" by Rumphius vii. pi. 14 auct. 24; was 

 observed by Rheede ii. pi. 31 in Malabar; by Graham, "common everywhere" as far as Bombay, 

 its powdered root " given to horses," and according to Twemlovv an intoxicating liquor called " bar " 

 obtained from the plant by " the hill people about Mahableshwur ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, 

 throughout the peninsula, employed for various medicinal and economic purposes, and according to 

 Royle yielding a kind of manna called mudar-sugar (Drur.) ; was observed by Mason "exotic" in 

 Burmah; by Blanco, on the Philippines, white-flowered. The plant according to Lindley furnishes 

 the singular substance by Duncan called mudariiu, "possessing the property of coagulating by heat 

 and becoming again fluid by exposure to cold." (See C. procera.) 



Datura mctel of Tropical, and subtropical Asia. A species of thorn-apple called in Egypt 

 "el-nefyr" the trumpet (Del.), in Yemen "mandj" or "bendj" (Forsk.), in Sanscrit " datoura " 

 (A. Dec), in Bengalee "dhootoora," in Hindustanee " sada-dhatoora," in Telinga " tella-oomatie," 

 in Tamil " vellay-oomatay " (Drur.), in Burmah "pa-daing-phoo," in Tagalo and Patnpango " talam- 

 ponai," in Bisaya "tacbibung" (Blanco) ; and the " dature " of- Yalmiki ram. iv. 29 — (transl. Gorr.) 

 maybe compared: D. mete] is termed " stramonia indica" by Rumphius v. pi. 87 (Buchan linn, 

 trans, xiv. 232); was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 28 in Malabar; by myself, around Bombay; by 

 Graham, " among rubbish about villages all over the country " and " fatally used by Bombay thieves " 

 " to deprive their victims of the power of resistance ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 

 throughout Hindustan, employed also medicinally; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah and frequent 

 "around native dwellings;" by Loureiro i. no, in Anam; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its leaves 

 "algo vellosas." Westward from Hindustan, the "jawz methil " of Gafeki grows according to Ebn 

 Baitar in Africa and Spain and has "a large white flower: " D. metel was observed by myself in 

 waste places on Zanzibar ; by Forskal, among the mountains of Tropical Arabia ; by him, and myself, 

 frequent in waste places in Egypt ; by Belon, and Chaubard, on Crete and the Peloponnesus ; by 

 Matthioli pi., Gussone, Moris, and Boissonade, naturalized on Sicily, Sardinia, the Canary Islands 

 (Pers.), and in Southern Spain. By European colonists, was carried to America where it has become 

 naturalized in Mexico, around Guyaquil, and in Southern Brazil (Cham., Dunal, Sellow, and A. Dec). 

 D. fastuosa, with "frequently double flowers," the " krishnad'hattura '' or " krurad'hurttaraka" of 

 Susrutas according to Hessler, and " zamr el-sultan" sultan's trumpet of Egypt (Del.), observed by 

 Rheede ii. pi. 29 in Malabar, by Graham as far as Bombay, by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Buchanan, in 

 other parts of Hindustan, by Mason "exotic" in Burmah, and by Blanco on the Philippines, is* 

 regarded as probably not distinct. (See Hyoscyamus muticus.) 



Vitt-x negundo of Tropical Hindustan. A large shrub called in Arabic " fenjengisht " (J. F. 

 Wats.), in Sanscrit " sindoowara " or " sindooka " or " indrasoorusa " or '■ indranika " or " nirgoondi," 

 in Bengalee and Plindustanee "nisinda" (Lindl.), in Telinga " wayala," in Tamil " vellay noochie " 

 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " neergoonda " (Graham): "vitici negundi ". are mentioned by 

 Valmiki v. 74 — (transl. Gorr.); the " phenegsenkeset," by Avicenna ; the " sinduvara " by Kalidasa 

 kum. iii. 53, its flowers substituted for pearls, is mentioned also by Susrutas : V. negundo was 

 observedbyRheedeii.pl. 12 in Malabar; by Graham, "in lar-e patches both in the Concan and 

 Deccan," as also by myself ; by Buchanan, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Deyra Dhoon and Bengal, 

 its root fruit and leaves employed medicinally by the natives, the dried leaves smoked by the Moham- 

 medans in cases of headache and catarrh (Drur.). 



Vitcx trifolia by some writers regarded distinct, its leaves hoary beneath, is called in Telinga 

 " neela vayalie," in Tamil " neer-noochie " (Drur.), in Burmah " kyoung-ban " (Mason) ; was observed 

 by Rheede ii. pi. 11 in Malabar; by Roxburgh, and Ainslie, as far as Coromandel, its root fruit and 

 leaves also employed by the natives medicinally .(Drur.) ; by Burmann pi 109 on Ceylon; by Mason 

 v. 413 to 479 "exotic" in Burmah and "much cultivated" by the natives, the leaves applied in 

 "diseases of the spleen." Farther East, was observed by Blanco common along the seashore of 

 the Philippines, ealled in Bisaya " gap.asgapas," in Ylocano " dangla," in Tagalo "lagundi," its leaves 

 used by the natives medicinally ; is termed " lagondium vulgare " by Rumphius iv. pi. 18 as observed 

 on the Moluccas. 



