604 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



In this year ("22 A. H., comm. Nov. 29th 642," Gildem.), Khorasan subdued by the Muslim 

 general Ahnaf ben Kais. Ubaidalla is said to have advanced as far as the Indus, but could not obtain 

 permission from Omar to cross the river. 



''644 A. D." (art de verifier des dates, and Blair), Omar slain in the temple at Jerusalem, which 

 he had converted into a mosque. He was succeeded by Othman, third khalif. 



" 645 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Kwo-gok abdicating (the first instance in Japanese history), 

 succeeded by her brother Ko-tok, now thirty-seventh dairo of Japan. 



"648 A. D." (Blair), conquest of Cyprus by the Muslims under Mu'awiyah. 



"The same year" (Clavig., and Humboldt), entrance of the Toltecs upon Anahuac or the Mexi- 

 can table-land. The Toltecs were acquainted with word-painting, communicating intelligence by 

 paintings : — they built roads, cities, and the Great teocalli or pyramid at Cholula, after the model of 

 the more ancient teocallis at Teotihuacan. , 



Among the tribes of Northwest America, the " medecine men " always mere sorcerers,* the heal- 

 ing art proper being in the hands of old women — (R. Brown jun.). 



* Clematis Douglasii of the sources of the Columbia. Known to the natives from early times, 

 — its root placed by them in the nostrils of exhausted horses (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas 

 at the sources of the Columbia (Hook.). 



Geranium sp. of Interior Oregon. Its root from early times used among the Lilloets of British 

 Columbia to prevent women bearing children — (R. Brown jun.). 



Psoralca pliysoides of Interior Oregon. Leguminous, and from early times employed by the 

 natives medicinally, as a poultice — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas from the Rocky mountains 

 to the Great falls' of the Columbia (Hook.). 



Rubus leucodermis of Northwest America. Its berries from early times collected and dried by 

 the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas. 



Philadelf/hus Leivisii of Oregon. A species of mod-orange, a shrub, its leaves from early times 

 used by the natives as a substitute for soap— (R. Brown jun.): observed by Clark on the North 

 branch of the Columbia; and according to Hooker, growing in pine woods. 



Philadelphus Gordouianus of Oregon. Its leaves also used by the natives from early times as a 

 substitute for soap — (R. Brown jun.). 



Lewisia ndiviva of the unwooded portion of Interior Oregon. Called " petlum-ard-ilse-ne- 

 mare," and from early times its root boiled and eaten "by the Kootanie, Colville, and other tribes — 

 (R. Brown jun.): observed by Clark on the North branch of the Columbia (Pursh) ; by Nuttall on 

 the Flat-head river; by myself, towards the Spokane conspicuous in the distance, its large flower 

 rising out of the bare ground at intervals, like a land Nymphasa. 



Kibes niveum of Northwest America. Its berries from early times collected and dried by the 

 natives— (R. Brown jun.). From transported specimens, described by Lindley. 



Eulophus ambiguus of Interior Oregon. An Umbelliferous plant, its root called white biscuit 

 root, from early times collected and dried by the natives — (R. Brown jun.): on the hills of the 

 Upper Yakima, our party fell in with a body of natives engaged in digging biscuit root, and procuring 

 a supply, found advantage from it before reaching our destination : described by Nuttall, as observed 

 on the Flat-head river. 



Peucedanum fceniculaceum of Interior Oregon. An Umbelliferous plant, its root also from early 

 times eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall. 



I alcriana sp. of British Columbia. Called " kunko," and from early times used by the M'Leod 

 Lake and other Takali tribes in rheumatism — (R. Brown jun.). 



Sympiwncarpus racemosus of Interior North America. The snowberry, a shrub from earlv times 

 m British Columbia used medicinally about Lilloet in colds — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Michaux 

 at Lake Mistassins ; by Short, in Kentucky; by Nuttall, from Niagara to Lake Huron and the Mis- 

 souri ; according to A. Gray, grows "from Western Vermont to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin;" 

 according to Hooker, as lar as the Saskatchewan and Columbia ; and was received by Decandolle 

 from Nootka. Has become a favourite ornamental plant in gardens. 



Salix Sconleriana of Oregon. The cottonwood willow, canoes from early times sometimes made 

 from it — ( R. Brown jun.). From transported specimens, described by Hooker. 



■Ihuyag.ganlea of the Rocky mountains. The Oregon a>bor-vitce, canoes made from it its baric 

 textile, and its twigs smoked as a substitute for tobacco- (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall 

 among the Rocky mountains. 



Finns contort, of Interior Oregon. From early times used by the natives for torches, and its 

 liber or inner bark in times of scarcity eaten in the passes of the Rocky mountains — (R Brown 

 jun.). 



