OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 605 



"649 A. D." (Alst., Clint., and Nicol.), at Rome, Theodorus succeeded by Martinus, ninth arch- 

 bishop. 



"650 A. D. = *young-hoeY,' 1st year of Kao-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty — 

 (Chinese chron. table). He continued to patronize Olopen and the new religion (Christianity). 



Polygonum tinctorium of China. The large fiat stone and large round mallets, used in procuring 

 the blue dye of the " nimi-lan," and celebrated by ancient poets, — are referred here by Cibot (mem. 

 chin v. 499) : P. tinctorium was observed by Loureiro in China ; and " P. Chinense " called " ai " or 

 "itadori," and yielding a blue dye like indigo, was observed by Thunberg around Nagasaki in Japan. 

 By J. Blake "in 1776," P. tinctorium was carried to England (Ait. ii. 51); and from France, accord- 

 ing to Clot-Bey and Figari, has recently been introduced into Egypt. 



" In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Ko-tok dying, the government resumed by the empress 

 Kwo-gok, now under the name of Zai-mei' as thirty-eighth dairo of Japan. The first instance in Japan- 

 ese history of the same person reigning twice. 



"651 A. D." (Plate in Sm. b. d.), naval expedition by the Muslims against Sicily. Rhodes cap- 

 tured by them, and the celebrated colossus sold and broken up. 



"In this year" (Bed. hist. eccl. iii. 25 and chron.), Aidan succeeded by Finan as bishop. of the 

 Scots. On the island of Lindisfarne, Finan built a church suitable for the episcopal see, but after 

 the Scottish fashion of hewn oak timber roofed or thatched with " harundine " (Pkragmites com- 

 munis). 



Psamma arenaria of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Called in Britain 

 bent or sea-reed or mat-weed 'from its use in making mats, or mar am from the Gaelic "muram" or 

 Frisian and Danish " marhalm " sea-straw (Prior) : the "foeno" used in the thatching — is referred 

 here by James Raine, the same material being used on Lindisfarne to the present day ; "bent" is 

 mentioned in Account Rolls of 1344-5 and 1346-7 (G. Johnston east, bord.) : P. arenaria is termed a 

 "grassie or rather rushie reede " by Gerarde p. 39, " gramen spicatum secalinum maritimum maxi- 

 mum spica longiore " by Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, by Brotero 

 in Portugal, and is known to grow on the Atlantic seashore as far as Lapland and Iceland (Moris, viii. 

 pi. 4, Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the mari- 

 time sand of the Peloponnesus ; and by Delile, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. Westward 

 from Iceland, is known to grow in Greenland (Wats.), Newfoundland (Lapyl.), on the shores of 

 Lakes Michigan and Superior (A. Gray), and on our Atlantic sea-beaches, ceasing as observed by 

 myself in about Lat. 39°. 



"653 A. D." (Cockayne iii. p. 447), Sigeberht succeeded by Sigeberht II. the Good, as king of 

 Essex of the East Saxons ; a dependent on Oswin king of Northymbria. 



"About this time, 650 to 655 A. D." (Pauth. 301), war carried by the Muslims into the region 

 of the Oxus; and an ambassador sent by them to the Chinese emperor. 



"654 A. D." (Alst, and Clint.), at Rome, Martinus succeeded by Eugenius, tenth archbishop. 



About this time ("650 to 660 A. D.," Assem. iii. 1. 127, and Gildem. 59), letter in Syriac from 

 the Nestorian Yeshuyabus Adiebenus, complaining of interruption of communion with the Persian 

 and Indian churches. 



The Mrichchhakati, the earliest Sanscrit drama, written before self-immolation by burning, and 

 intermarriage of Bramins with Sudra females, were prohibited ; Buddhist mendicants and convents 

 continuing throughout Hindustan. 



Pinus Sabiniana of Oregon. Its seeds from early times eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.): 

 observed by Douglas. 



Allium reticulatum of Oregon. A wild onion, its root from early times eaten by the natives — 

 (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall. 



Gamassia esculenta of Northwest America. Called "gamass,'' and from early times'its onion- 

 like bulb eaten by nearly all the tribes from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific — (R. Brown jun.) : 

 observed by Lewis and Clark on the Upper Missouri near the Rocky mountains (Pursh). 



Brodiaa grandiflora of Oregon. From early times its root eaten by the natives — (R. Brown 

 jun.). Transported to Europe, described by Smith (Steud.). 



Erythronium grandiflorum of Interior Oregon. From early times, its root eaten by the natives, 

 regarded also as a love-philtre — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark on the Kooskoosky 

 river (Pursh), now called Clearwater; and by N. Wyeth, on his first journey to the Pacific (Nutt.). 



Fritillaria lanceolata of the Rocky mountains. From early- times, its root eaten by the natives 

 — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the sources of the Missouri and Columbia 

 (Pursh). 



Trillium ovalym of Interior Oregon. Its root from early times used by the natives for a poul- 

 tice — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the rapids of the Columbia (Pursh) ; by 

 Nuttall, on the Rocky mountains and Flat-head river. 



