606 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Siva and the unwieldy Mahadeva emblem are mentioned in the Mrichchhati i and iv. : the 

 deghop or dome-like stone emblem of the Braminical cave-temples appeared to me unprovided for in 

 the original construction of those temples, and inserted at a subsequent period. Some approxima- 

 tion to the date may be inferred from one of the Elephanta cave-temples, filled with earth and thus 

 concealed until shortly before my visit, but found on clearing to contain a deghop. 



Garcinia pictoria of the mountains of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tall tree called in 

 Sanscrit " tumala," in Telinga " tamala-chettu " or " tamalamu " (J. F. Wats ), in Tamil " mukki " 

 (Drur.), in Burmah " tha-nat-dau " (Mason); in which we recognize the " tamala " tree of the 

 Mrichchhakati 5, — and of Jayadeva, termed lofty by Kalidasa ragh. xiii. 15 to 49, and prescribed 

 medicinally by Susrutas : G. pictoria was observed by Cleghorn, in Mysore along the Western 

 Ghauts at the elevation of from two to three thousand feet ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the 

 high mountain-lands of Wynaad ; by Mason v. 48t and journ. as. 1847, in Burmah, abounding on the 

 hi lis bordering "the valley of the Tavoy river," and one of the two trees yielding the gamboge of 

 commerce. (See G. elliptica.) 



Cli/fliia Tematea of the mountains of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. A twining herba- 

 ceous plant having Sanscrit names (Roxb., and Pidd ), and called in Malabar "shlongo kuspi " or 

 " shunkoo-pushpa," in Telinga " nulla-ghentana," in Tamil " karka kartun," in Bengalee " upara-jita," 

 in Hindustanee "khagin" (Drur.), in Burmah " oung-mai-phyoo " (Mason), in Tagalo " colocantang '' 

 (Blanco) ; and the '' blue clitoria " is mentioned as a garden flower in the Mrichchhakati 4 * — (transl. 

 H. H. Wils.): the " kumari " or "gavakshi " or "girikarni" or -'sveta" or "hansapada" prescribed 

 by Susrutas chik. 8 to 30, is referred here by Hessler : C. Ternatea was observed by Rheede viii. 

 pi. 38 in Malabar; by Graham, in gardens "hedges and jungles everywhere" in the environs of 

 Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, common in other parts of the peninsula; by Mason 413 

 to 479, "exotic" in Burmah and only naturalized, its root "emetic;" by myself, in the Malayan 

 archipelago ; by Blanco, frequent throughout the Philippines, the pods sometimes eaten and the 

 flowers used for dyeing blue ; the flowers on Amboyna according to Rumphius v. pi. 31 used to tinge 

 boiled rice a cerulean color. Westward, is known to occur in Tropical Arabia (A. Dec.) ; was 

 observed by Bojer on the mountains of Madagascar, Mauritius, and Bourbon. By European colo- 

 nists, was carried to the West Indies, where it continues in cultivated ground, observed on Cuba, 

 Barbadoes, and St. Thomas (Humb., Maycock, Schlecht., and A. Dec). 



Jas minum fruticans of the Southern border of the Caspian. The yell 010 jasmine is called by 

 the Turks "sari-jassemin " (Sibth.), in Sanscrit Hindustanee and Bengalee " hema-pooshpika " (J. F. 

 Wats.) ; and according to H. H. Wilson is enumerated among garden plants in the Mrichchhakati 4 : 

 — the "yut'hica"' called "hemapushpica " golden-flowered, not seen by W. Jones as. res. iv. 246, 

 appears to be J. fruticans, the "elegant looking shrub" observed by Graham "in gardens and flower 

 pots" at Bombay. Westward, the yellow-flowered "iasmin" is distinguished by Ebn Alasawia 

 (Rhaz. contin., and Spreng.), Isa Ebn Masah, Ishak Ebn Amran, Ebn Joljol, Avicenna, Serapion 

 176, Ebn Alwam, and Ebn Baitar : J. fruticans is described by Gesner f. 278, Dodoens pempt. 571, 

 and C. Bauhin pin. 298; is termed "j. luteum vulgo dictum bacciferum" by Tournefort inst. 597; 

 is known to occur seemingly wild at the base of the Talusch mountains and Caucasus, and along 



* Butea superba of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A woody climbing species called in 

 Telinga "tiga-muduga" (Lindl.) : the " kimsuka " as distinguished from the " dhak " in the Mrich- 

 chhakati viii, — maybe compared: the "kinsuka" is mentioned by Kalidasa ragh. ix. 27, and Sus- 

 rutas (Hessl.) : B. superba was observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 22, and Wight, among the Circar 

 mountains, its stem "as thick or thicker than a man's leg" and "very long, running over large 

 trees : " its sensible properties according to Lindley are "altogether the same as in B. frondosa." 

 Farther East, was observed by Mason in Burmah, and called " pouk-nway." 



Benincasa cerifera of Tropical Eastern Asia. The -white pumpkin is called in Guzerati and 

 in the environs of Bombay " pandree-chickee " (J. F. Wats., and Graham), in Burmah " kyouk-pha- 

 yung" (Mason); and the "preserved pumpkin" of the Mrichchhakati 1., that if kept too long smells 

 badly — (transl. H. H. Wils.), maybe compared: also the " pushpap'hala," enumerated among pot- 

 herbs by Susrutas sutr. 46 : B. cerifera was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 3 in Malabar ; by Graham, 

 " commonly cultivated in Bombay and the Deccan," its " fruit sub-rotund, twelve or fifteen inches 

 in diameter, hairy when young, smooth with a whitish bloom when ripe;" is termed "cucurbita 

 pepo" by Roxburgh iii. 718, and was observed by him, Wight, and Drury 167, common throughout 

 Hindustan; by Mason v. 470, "exotic" in Burmah and cultivated by both Burmese and Karens 

 as "a valuable addition to their curries," but "never eaten by Europeans ; " the "cucurbita pepo 

 aspera," observed by Blanco on the Philippines and called in Tagalo " condol," may also be com- 

 pared. 



