OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 607 



the Black Sea (Thirke, Bieb., Ledeb., and C. A. Meyer) ; was observed by Sibthorp in woods 

 throughout Phrygia and as far as Smyrna ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; by Bove", fre- 

 quent in Algeria ; is known to occur seemingly wild in Portugal, Spain, and as far even as France 

 (A. Dec.)- "J- humile" observed by Bory in Southern Greece, also "J. odoratissimum " from 

 Madeira, are regarded as not distinct. 



"655 A. D." (Plate in Sm. b. d.), the Greeks defeated by the Muslims in naval combat. 



" 656 A. D." (art de verif.), Othman succeeded by Ali, fourth khalif . Copper coins supposed 

 to have been issued by him or preceding khalifs, are figured by Marcel p. 26. 



"657 A. D." (Clint), in Rome, Eugenius succeeded by Vitalianus, eleventh archbishop. 



" In this year" (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 374), first serious dispute among the Muslims 

 respecting the Imamate : revolt of the Khawarij, of "twelve thousand men " taking offence at Ali's 

 submitting his right to the Khalifate to arbitration. 



"658 A. D." (Blair), peace obtained from the Byzantine emperor Constans, the Muslims "agree- 

 ing to pay him one hundred thousand crowns annually." 



" As late as the Seventh century," Aino tribes spread over the Northern portion of Nippon as 

 far as " Lat. 38 " (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 97) : but "in this year" (Klapr. in transl. San-kokf 215), 

 by the dairo-empress Zai-mei in her "fourth " year, a fleet sent under the command of Abe-no Omi 

 against the Ainos.* With the aid of Aino tribes of Southern Yeso, certain districts were con- 

 quered, — others were added in the following year, and a government over Yeso established at 

 Siri-besa. 



"659, in the autumn" (Nipponki, Klapr., and Jap. mann. 377), an embassy from Japan to the 

 Chinese emperor taking two natives of Yeso (Ainos) as curiosities. The emperor expressed great 

 astonishment at their, strange appearance, and was informed that their country does not produce 

 corn, the people living on animal food, have no houses, but dwell under the trees in the mountains. 

 They presented a white deer- skin, with a bow \ and eighty arrows to the emperor. The narrative 

 written by a Corean named Yukino Murazi. 



"660 A. D." (Beda h. e. iii. 22, Cockayne iii. 453), Sigeberht II. assassinated by relatives who 

 thought him deficient in rigour. He was succeeded as king of Essex by Swithhelm. 



"661 A. D." (art de verif.), assassination of Ali. He was succeeded by Hasan ; and at the end 

 of six months, by the Muslim general Mu'awiyah of the Ommiah family. Who removed the seat of 

 government from Medina to Damascus. 



Paulus Aegineta writing in the latter half of the Seventh century — according to Abu-1-faraj 

 (Sm. b. d.). 



* Pedicularis verticillata of Arctic and Subarctic climates. The leaves of " P. lanata " employed 

 as a substitute for tea by the inhabitants of the Kurile Islands — (Ainsl. mat. ind. i. 1. 228). P. 

 verticillata is known to grow in Siberia, on the Oby in "Lat. 67 " (Pall.), on the mountains of 

 Daouria : and farther East, on the islands of Alaska generally as far as Sitka and Kotzebue Sound 

 (Rothr. in Smiths, report for 1867) ; at Igloolik in Arctic America (Hook.) ; and in the alpine dis- 

 tricts of Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 206, and Pers.). 



f Taxus cuspidata of Japan, as far as Yeso. A species of yew called by the Ainos " tarumani," 

 in Japan "araraki" (Sieb.) or " ichii " (Jap. c. c. 30); and from early times bows made from its 

 wood by the Ainos — (Sieb.). 



Wistaria Japonica of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " kutsuts," or by the Japan- 

 ese "ko-fudsi " (Sieb.) ; in which we recognize the " fousi " whose fine interior bark is used by the 

 Ainos for bow-strings — (according to the San-kokf transl. Klapr.); the use for bow-strings is noted 

 by Siebold ; and farther South, W. Japonica was observed by him in Japan. 



Gen. ignot. of Yeso. Bow-strings also made by the Ainos of the " ayi ; " a creeping plant unknown 

 in Japan — (San-kokf transl. Klapr.). 



Aconitum Kamtschaticum of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " sjosinosjurk," and 

 wild beasts killed by the Ainos with arrows poisoned with juice of the root (Sieb. ; or according to 

 the San-kokf transl. Klapr.), with bruised seeds of the Aconitum called "bou-si (fou-tsu)," mixed 

 with " araignees a longues pattes " (regarded as probably " Phalangium araneoides)." From trans- 

 ported specimens, A. Kamtschaticum is described by Pallas. 



Sinapis Chinensis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "kurasuf " or by the Japanese 

 " karasi " (Sieb.); in which we recognize the "to-karasi" whose bruised seeds are mixed in the 

 above poison — (San-kokf transl. Klapr.), so rapid in its action that the blood of the wounded bear, 

 wolf, or other animal putrefies in a few minutes (Langsdorff ii. 287). Westward, S. Chinensis was 

 received from China by Linnajus (Dec. prodr.) ; and in Hindustan (according to Lindley), the "seeds 

 considered by Mahometan and Hindoo practitioners stimulant, stomachic, and laxative." 



