6lO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



(Humb. iv. 9) : E. pimenta was observed by Swartz obs. 202 in the West Indies. Transported to 

 Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 155. f 4, Blackwell pi. 355, and Miller; and its imported 

 product has become a well-known condiment, used also medicinally (Lindl.) ; was observed by Rouyer 

 in the drug shops of Egypt. 



Zea mays of Tropical America. The cultivation of maize or Indian com introduced into Mexico 

 by the Toltecs — (Humb.) : the grain was used in the religious rites of both Mexicans and Peruvians 

 (A. Dec. 951), and sugar procured by them from it, also a vinous liquor called "chicha," drunkenness 

 having already become frequent under the Aztec dynasty (Ovied., and Humb. iv. 9) : spikes of maize 

 were observed by myself in the ancient Peruvian cemetery at Pachacamac : bread made of "maiz" or 

 "mahiz" was seen by Columbus in the West Indies (F. Columb. 28), also by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 5. 

 Farther North, Thorwald in 1003 found in Vinland a wooden "kornhjalmr" corn-shed, and Z. mays is 

 known to have been cultivated by the native tribes of Northeast America as far as the Bay of St. Law- 

 rence. Transported to Europe, was seen by Oviedo before 1525 under cultivation in Spain; accord- 

 ing to Rhamnusis, "was first seen in Italy in his own time;" and according to tradition and the 

 current names, from Turkey and Syria reached Egypt and the mountains of Yemen (Forsk., and Del.) ; 

 also directly or indirectly by European colonists was carried to Hindustan, observed by Roxburgh, and 

 Graham, "commonly cultivated" and called " muk jowaree-boota," and according to Drury "next to 

 rice it forms the most important crop in the east " especially " in Behar and Upper India ; " to Ceylon, 

 called there "muwa" (Moon); to Burmah, called there '• pyoung-boo " (Mason); to the Malayan 

 archipelago, called throughout ''jagung" (Crawf ), observed by myself under cultivation on Mindanao, 

 by Blanco, valued and well known on the other Philippine Islands ; to China, mentioned by Li-chi- 

 tchin in 1552 to 157S (A. Dec.) ; to Japan, brought perhaps from China, cultivated near Nagasaki and 

 called " sjo kuso" or usually "too kibbi " (Kaempf. v. S34. and Thunb.) ; and to most parts of the 

 world having a suitable climate, the Tropical islands of the Pacific forming at present the only consid- 

 erable exception. 



"668, May 18th " (Pauth. 301), a comet. Regarded with much alarm by the Chinese emperor 

 Kao-tsoung. " Oct. 22d," submission of the king of Corea, after the capture of his chief city by the 

 Chinese.* 



"The same year" (Sm. b. d.), Constans succeeded by Constantinus IV. Pogonatus, eighteenth 

 Byzantine emperor. 



"669 A. D." (Pauth. 302), in the region of Lake Kokonoor, the Chinese army defeated by the 

 Thibetians. Ioulun-Tieghin chief of the Ouigours is known to have warred against the Chinese under 

 the Thang (see Klapr. mem. ii. 333). 



"670 A. D." (Cockayne iii. 45 1), the abbey in Thanet founded by Eormenburh, daughter of 

 Eormenred king of Kent, with the wergild she had exacted for her murdered brothers. 



"672 A. D." (Plate in Sm. b. d.), after the capture of Smyrna and most of the Greek islands, the 

 blockade of Constantinople begun by the Muslim fleet. In the defence, Greek fire, newly invented by 

 Callinicus, employed with success: — A "kind of fire" was seen by Brocquiere at Baruth, that was 

 "launched into the air very high and to a great distance " (evidently after the manner of rockets). 



"The same year" (Clint.), in Rome, Yitalianus succeeded by Adeodatus, twelfth archbishop. 



" The same year" (Beda. h. e. iv. 18, and Cockayne iii. 449), ^Etheldrith, daughter of Anna king 

 of the East Angles, appointed abbess of Ely ; the monastery containing both men and women, as was 

 the way in Ireland. 



"The same year" (ann. Jap., and art deverif.), Tent-sii succeeded by his brother Tenmu or Ten- 

 bou, now "fortieth" dairo of Japan. 



Gelidium cormum of Japan. A seaweed] called "tengusa;" affording " kanten or vegetable 



* Urlica Japonica of Japan. White cloth made by the Coreans of the fibres of the "tchu " as 

 early probably as this date : — this kind of cloth is enumerated among the articles sent as tribute to the 

 Chinese emperor (geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. 167). U. Japonica was observed in Japan by Thunberg, 

 its fibres used for cords. 



Malus baeeata of Eastern Asia. Called " men-tsu-fou " by the Coreans, and "lin-khin" by the 

 Chinese — (vocab. Klapr.). Known to grow also in Daouria along the river Schilka, and in Siberia 

 (Pall. i. pi. 10, and Pers.). 



f Chondrui sp. nf Japan. A seaweed called "fu," resembling carrageen, and from early times 

 "much used for industrial purposes," as "for instance, the sizing of the warp of silk goods " — (Jap. 

 c. c. 109). 



Querents serrata of Japan. An oak known from early times, its branches placed in the sea to pro- 

 mote the growth of seaweed, by furnishing a basis for attachment — (Jap. c. c. 109) : Q. serrata was 

 observed in Japan by Thunberg. 



