6l2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Matthioli " creutzbeer," in France " groseille " (Prior) or by Dodoens " groisseletz " (A. Dec), in 

 Brittany " spezad " (Legonid.), in Greece " lagokgrasia " (Sibth.) : the BaTZhNa A£ ThC 

 AariNlAOC KaprTOC of De alim. 13 — may be compared : also the "ribes " growing according 

 to Serapion on the cold snowy mountains of Syria and bearing berries sweet to the taste with some 

 acidity (Isaac, and Ort. San. 392) : R. uva-crispa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the 

 mountains of the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal, in its cultivated form in the gardens of Constanti- 

 nople. Westward, is described by Ruellius p. 283, and Dodoens p. 748; is termed "grossularia 

 simplici acino vel spinosa sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 639; is known to grow wild in France and 

 throughout Northern Europe (Schmidel pi. 1, Pers., Dec. fl. fr., and Ledeb. fl. ross.) ; and was already 

 cultivated in the days of Matthioli p. 135. By European colonists, its cultivated form " R. grossula- 

 ria" was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens, lingering and producing only 

 inferior fruit. 



"680 A. D." (art de verif.), Mu'awiyah succeeded by Yezid, second Ommiad khalif. 

 "Oct. loth'' (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 311), Husein, son of Ali, slain in battle at Kerbela 

 in Babylonian Irak. 



"Nov. 7th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Sixth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at Constanti- 

 nople, against the Monothelites. Marriage among the clergy was sanctioned. — The authority of 

 this Council continues to be recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph ). 



"6S1, Jan. 9th" (Nicol.), in a synod at Toledo, king Wamba's renunciation of the throne 

 confirmed. 



The same year (=" tenth year of Tenmu,'' art de verif., see also Jap. centen. comm. 49), copper 

 discovered in Japan ; silver money prohibited, and putjes of copper and bronze substituted. The 

 empire about the same time divided into sixty-six provinces.* 



"6S3 A. D." (art de verif.), Yezid succeeded by Mu'awiyah II., third Ommiad khalif. 

 "The same year" (Alst.), at Rome, Agatho succeeded by Leo the younger, fifteenth arch- 

 bishop. 



'• Towards the close of the Seventh century" (quart, rev. for 1870), Anglo-Saxon version of 

 Scriptural narratives by Caedmon, a monk residing "in the convent of Streaneshalch (Whitby)," and, 

 regarded as the "father of English poetry." 



"684 A. D. = ' sse-tching,' 1st year of Tchoung-tsoung ; " his mother Wou-heou being the real 

 ruler — (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year" (art de verif), Mu'awiyah II. succeeded by Merwan, fourth Ommiad khalif. 

 "The same year " (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo the younger succeeded by Benedict the 

 younger, sixteenth archbishop. 



"685 A. D." (art de verif.), Merwan succeeded by Abd-el-Melek, fifth Ommiad khalif. In the 

 reign of Abd-el-Melek (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 541), a niioimtcr constructed at Helwan (near the 

 present city of Cairo). 



Oman, hitherto nominally under the authority of the khalifs, its subjection undertaken by Hajjaj 

 governor of Irak. — After various futile attempts by his generals, he succeeded ; the defeated brothers 

 Suleiman and Said, descendants of the Azdite Julanda, taking refuge in Zanj. The earliest emigra- 

 tion on record of Oman Arabs to the East coast of Africa (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. xiii 

 and 5). 



The Greek physician Theodocus or Tiaduk in the service of Hajaj Ibn Yusuf — (Ebn Osaibi'ah 

 vii. 5, Abu-1-Faraj, and Sm. b. d.). 



The " burak " considered Armenian by Tiaduk (Theodocus), — mentioned also by Ishak Ben 

 Amran, Mahmed Ben Hasan, Jisch Ben Hasan, Mosih, Avicenna, Edrisi, Ebn Wand, Serapion, 

 Madschul, and Ebn Baitar, or " borad " of the Persians, is referred by J. de Sousa to borax or borate 

 of soda. Farther East, this salt is mentioned by the Sanscrit medical writer Susrutas (F. Adams) ; 

 and was ascertained by Saunders and Turner to be procured from a lake in Thibet. More recently^ 

 borax is said to be artificially manufactured in the Mediterranean countries ; and has been procured 

 in large quantities from a lake in California. 



Gnaphatium leontopodium of Switzerland and the Pyrenees. The "koines elbahri " of Tiaduk 

 — and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : G. leontopodium is described by Matthioli p! 

 828 (Spreng.) ; is termed " filago stellata " by Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow on the alpine 

 portion of Switzerland and the Pyrenees (Pers., and Steud.) 



"The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus the younger succeeded by Joannes 

 the fifth, seventeenth archbishop. 



* Eiythronium " grandiflortim " of Japan. From early times, a kind of starch called " kata-kuri " 

 made there " of the root of a kind of dog's-tooth violet " — (see Jap. centen. comm. 34 and 1 10). 



