624 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Tabernasmontan ii. p. 391) : C. vulgaris is described by Fuchsius p. 127, and Tragus f. 322 (Spreng.) ; 

 is termed "c. sylvestris vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 50°; and is known to grow in woods and 

 mountainous situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 11 74, Engl. bot. 

 pi. 1 144, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and around Constanti- 

 nople ; and is described by Pallas (Steud.). Its dried calyx according to Persoon is hygrometric, 

 expanding in fine weather, and closing when the atmosphere becomes moist.* 



"796 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Hadrianus succeeded by Leo III., thirty-second archbishop. 



"797 A. D." (Alst.), Irene now sole ruler of the Byzantine empire. 



" 798 A. D." (Gaubil, and Paulh. p. 322), arrival in China of " three ambassadors " from Harun- 

 el-Rashid to the emperor Te-tsoung. And the. ceremony of " ko-teou " or prostration, regarded as a 

 mere form, after some scruples complied with. 



■• At this time " (Talvi i.), the Slavonian inhabitants of Pannonia already converted to Christian- 

 ity, through " German priests. '' 



"At the end of the Eighth century" (Mem. de l'lnstit. v. p. 430), an embassy from Harun-el- 

 Rashid to Charlemagne, bearing the keys of Jerusalem. Charlemagne proceeded to erect in that city 

 a large building for the use of pilgrims from his dominions. 



"800, Dec. 25th " (Alst.), in opposition to the Byzantine Empire, Charlemagne declared "Em- 

 peror of the West "by archbishop Leo III. In return, Charlemagne confirmed the grant of his 

 father Pepin, and added more territory to the church of Rome, conveying political authority or 

 "temporal power." 



At this time, " 796 to 804 A. D." (Lubke and Lutrow), building by Charlemagne of the Kaiser 

 kapelle at Aix-la-Chapelle. 



One hundred and fifty-third generation. Jan. 1st, 801, onward mostly beyond youth: the Jewish 

 writers, Isaac of France, Mashalla el-Andrusger, and Sahl et Thaberi : the Arab writers, El-Kindi, 

 Asmai or Ben Coraib, El-Yezeedee, Ebn Shumeyl, Kutrub, El-Farra, Abu Obeydeh. Esch-Sheybanee, 

 Abu Zeyd(Lane diet.), Jahia-Ebn-Serapion (Spreng. hist, med.) : the Greek writers, Theodorus Studites, 

 Joseph Studites, Isaacius Theophanes ; the chronologer Georgius Syncellus, Dionysius.of Telmahre : 

 the theologians, the monk Usuardus, Ludgerus the first monastic bishop, Paschasius Ratbertus, 

 Ansgariu.s, Claudius Scotus, Jonas Aurelianensis, and Halitgarius ; Theodulphus, Leidrade : the 

 Irish geographer Dicuil, the traveller Hetton (Yoyag. Belg.). 



"802 A. D." (Alst.), Irene dethroned; and the accession of Nicephorus, twenty-eighth Byzan- 

 tine emperor. 



" In the beginning of the Ninth century" (R. H. Major in soc. Hakl., see Ebn Wahab), arrival 

 of Soliman the merchant at " Canfu " or Canton. He found there a Muslim judge, presiding over 

 those of his own religion, under appointment from the Chinese emperor. 



Ocymum basiliLum of Tropical Asia. Called in Britain basil (Prior), in Yemen " haebak " or 

 usually as in Egypt "rihan ; " in which we recognize the "rihan Soliman" — known "at Ispahan" 

 according to Ebn Masawia, and Avicenna mentioned also by Ebn Baitar (the name in common with 

 the Greek " origanon " is derived from the Hebrew " ryh " meaning odour): O. basilicum is known 

 to be cultivated in Persia (Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen ; by him, 

 and Belon, in the gardens of Egypt; again by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople; and is well 

 known in the gardens of Europe (Bauh., and Blackwell pi. 104). Eastward, has been long cultivated 

 in Hindustan, is called in Bengalee " babooitulsee," in Hindustanee " kala-tulsee " or " pashana 



* Gosypium religiosum of Tropical America? A shrub, small-flowered, and called in the 

 environs of Bombay "deo kapoos " or " ek shengkapoos" (Graham), on the Feejee Islands "ngal- 

 ingali" (Hale); and possibly the "plant yielding fibre resembling cotton '' that was "introduced by 

 a native of India" in "799 A. D.," — and cultivated for "some thirty years" in Southern Japan 

 (Jap. c. c. 74): cotton according to Schouw 149 has been cultivated in China only from the Ninth 

 century (A. Dec), referring perhaps to nankin cotton, yielded according to Royle. by this species ; 

 a variety bearing nankin-coloured wool was observed by Forster on Taheiti (Royle him. 99), and 

 cotton-wool of this colour was seen by Peale on the Feejee Islands : cotton was seen on the Marque- 

 sas in 1793 by capt. J. Roberts (hist. coll. Mass. iv. 245) : G. religiosum, frequent about the dwellings 

 of the natives on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, so far as observed 

 by myself had uniformly white wool, and the only use made of it was for kmp-wicks among the 

 Taheitians. Westward, G. religiosum according to Roxburgh has only recently been introduced 

 into Hindustan; was observed by Graham "at a temple in Giergaum road Bombay," and by Elphin- 

 stone at Rutnagiree. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnajus, and Cavanilles v'i pi. 164. 

 " G. Barbadense," by some writers regarded as not distinct, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 188 

 (Pers.), and was observed by Swartz under cultivation in the West Indies (A. Dec). 



