626 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Geum rivale of Northern climates. Called in Britain water-avens (Prior) : thebenedlCTum 

 of the same compound medicine — is referred here by Sprengel : G. rivale is described by . • . ; 

 is termed " caryophyllata aquatica nutante flore " by Tournefort inst. 295 : was observed on the Appe- 

 nines by Savi ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and 

 Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 722, Hook , and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 in wet places in the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus; and by Gmelin, 

 throughout Siberia. Farther East, is known to grow on the Rocky mountains and throughout Canada 

 and Newfoundland (Mx, and Hook.) ; and along the Atlantic, as observed by myself, to about Lat. 41 . 

 The plant according to Lindley is " stomachic, and said to be useful " in diarrhoea. 



Pimpinella saxifra^a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain pimpinell 

 (Lyte) or bur?iet saxifrage, in mediaeval Latin "bipenella" (Prior), in France " bpucage saxifrage" 

 (Fie), in Germany "bibernell," in Greece with seven other potherbs "kaukalithra " (Fraas) ; in which 

 we recognize the plplneLL^ID of a medical formula of the time of Charlemagne, — '-pimpinella" 

 of a proverb quoted by Matthaeus Sylvaticus panel. 573, and of Ortus Sanitatis 364 : P. saxifraga is 

 described by Brunfels i. 188, Tragus f. 177, Dodoens, and Caesalpinus (Spreng.) : was observed by 

 Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow along roadsides in rocky places as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 

 669, Lam. fl. Ir., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Fraas frequent on the hills of Attica and 

 Bceotia, the young leaves eaten as greens ; is known to grow also in the Crimea and Persia (Lindl.) ; 

 and "pimpinella" is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as sold in the drug-shops of Egypt. Its root 

 is "astringent," used according to Burnett as a masticatory to release toothache, and in decoction to 

 remove freckles (Lindl.) 



"809 A. D." (art de verif ), Harun-el-Raschid succeeded by El-Amin, sixth Abbassid khalif. 



"810 A. I)." (Alst. p. 370), Claudius bishop of Turin writing against image-symbols, relics, invo- 

 cation of saints, and precedence of the archbishop of Rome. 



The same year = " 735 an. jav." (Raffles ix.), date of an inscription in the Kawi or ancient Javan 

 character " very beautifully executed " on copper. 



"The same year " (art de verif.), Fei-dsio succeeded bv his brother Sa-ga, now "fifty-second" 

 dairo ot Japan. — In his reign, magnificent temples were erected in various parts of Japan. 



"Si 1 A. D." (Alst.), Nicephorus succeeded by Michael Curopalata, twenty-ninth Byzantine 

 emperor. 



"In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Kamal Kesari succeeded by Kundal 

 Kesari, now king of Orissa. — He built the temple of Markandesuar in I'uri, and reigned "eighteen 

 years " 



"812 A. D." = "2d year of .Michael" (Clint, iv. p. 327), end of the chronicle of Theophanes. 



"Nov. 1st" (Nicol), a synod at Constantinople. " Concerning overtures of peace made by the 

 Bulgarians to the emperor Michael." 



"S13 A. D." (Alst.), Michael Curopalata succeeded by Leo V. Armenius, thirtieth Byzantine 

 emperor. 



"The same year" (art de verif.), El-Amin succeeded by El-Mamun, seventh Abbassid khalif. 

 El-Mamun was an astronomer ; and protected and encouraged literature and science. Coins issued 

 by him are figured by Marcel p. 51. 



"814 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.). Charlemagne succeeded by his son Louis (Ludovicus Pius) as 

 emperor of France and Germany. 



Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Gambhira reigning in 

 Hindustan. 



"816 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol ), at Rome, Leo III. succeeded, by Stephanus V., thirty-third arch- 

 bishop. 



'.' In or about this year" (Blair), the sun's greatest declination observed bv khalif El-Mamun to 

 be"2 3 °34'." 



"817 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol ), at Rome, Stephanus V. succeeded by Paschalis, thirty-fourth 

 archbishop. 



" In the reign of Hien-tsoung" ( . . ), a map of China and the countries around constructed 

 by the geographer Kia-tan. 



"K19 A. D." (Blair), under the direction of khalif El-Mamun, a degree of Latitude measured in 

 the district around Babylon ; and found to be " 565 Arabian miles." 



Trniiilia emetic* of Tropical Africa and Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen " roka " in which 

 we recognize the "jawz elruka" of Ebn Elhaitham, — Abd Elrahman, Abu Hanifa, RhazesEbn Sam- 

 hun, and Ebn Baitar : T. emetica was observed by Forskal p. 127 frequent on the mountains of Yemen 

 the fruit sold in market and mixed with odoriferous substances by women for washing the head the 

 ripe seeds with Jesamum oil made into an ointment against psora. Westward, is known to <ww in 

 Senegal (A. de Juss., and Lindl.). The " djouz elkai " of the Scharh elmoudjiz is referred here by 



