OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 627 



Forskal ; and the " jawz elkai " of Ebn Elhatm, Hobaish, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar, described by Edrisi 

 as a tree growing throughout middle Yemen, may therefore be compared. 



" 820 A. D." (Alst. p. 370), the haughtiness of the clergy opposed by the emperor Ludovicus Pius ; 

 and by his direction, the Scriptures translated into German. 



Erica (Callund) vulgaris of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain 

 ling or heath or heather or hatJier, in Anglo-Saxon "haeth," in German "heide" in Danish "lyng" 

 (Prior), in French "bruyere" (Nugent), by the Turks "funda" (Sibth.), and mentioned in the Nie- 

 belungen- Lied, —also by Braunsweig distill, f. 68 (Spreng.), and termed "e. vulgaris glabra" by Tour- 

 nefort inst. 602 : known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. dan. pi. 627, and Pers.) ; 

 was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it has been found in certain limited spots, in Newfoundland, and in Tewksbury on the 

 Merrimac. 



In this year (= 543 B. C. — "year 1362" in Mahavams. liv.), accession of Matwalesen, a poet, 

 and now king of Ceylon. 



" 821 A. D. = ' tchang-tsing ' 1st year of Mou-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty (Chi- 

 nese chron. table). A treaty of peace between Mou-tsoung and the king of Thibet is extant, 

 inscribed on marble at Lassa — (Pauth. p. 325). 



" The same year" (Alst.), Leo V. succeeded by Michael II. Balbus, thirty-first Byzantine emperor. 



"822 A. D." (rec. voy. et mem. iv. 15), founding of the city of Colam or Coylang on the coast 

 of Southern Hindustan ; marking an Era which continues in use among the inhabitants of Malabar. 



" 823 A. D." (Blair), Crete captured by the Muslims of Spain, and by them called " Candia." 



" The same year" (= 771 -f cycle of 52 yrs., Clavig. ii.), accession of Totepeub, fourth Toltec 

 king of Mexico. 



Psidium guayava of Mexico and Central America. The guava tree indigenous in Mexico — 

 according to Hernandez thes 85 ; was observed by Cieza de Leon xxvii to Ixvi from the Cauca to 

 Lower Peru; by myself, exotic in Peru. The "guayaba" is mentioned by Oviedo nat. hyst. 64, and 

 according to J. Acosta was introduced into Hayti " after the arrival of the Spaniards," and became 

 naturalized there ; according to Monardes iii. 5, was " brought from Tierra Firme ; " and is regarded 

 by Marcgraf 104 as introduced by Europeans into Brazil, a point confirmed by my own observation. 

 By European colonists also, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has 

 become abundant throughout, and is called in Tagalo "guyabas" or " bayabas " (Blanco); to the 

 Moluccas, termed "cujavus" and "gujavus agrestis " by Rumphius i. pi. 40, observed both cultivated 

 and springing up spontaneously; to China before 1636, observed by Boymius fl. sin. (Spreng.) ; to 

 Anam (Lour.) ; to Java (Blume) ; to Burmah (Mason) ; to Hindustan, observed by Rheede iii. pi. 35 

 in Malabar, according to Drury called there " malacka pela," in Bengalee " lal-peyara," in Hindus- 

 tanee " lal sufrian," and var. pyriferum, in Malabar " pela," in Bengalee " peyara," in Hindustanee 

 "soopaeriam ; " by Graham, " in gardens every where " in the environs of Bombay, by myself under 

 cultivation there, and naturalized on Zanzibar ; to the Mauritius Islands, cultivated and nearly nat- 

 uralized (Boj., and A. Dec.) ; to Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr.) ; and subsequent 

 to the visit of Forster to Taheiti, where it has overrun the more fertile portion of the island, to the 

 Hawaiian and Feejeean Islands, found under cultivation by our Expedition. According to Clot-Bey, 

 P. guayava has been recently introduced and successfully cultivated in Egypt. 



In this year (= 820 -)- " 3 years reign" of the Mahavams. liv.), Matwalesen succeeded by 

 Mahayensan, now king of Ceylon. 



" 824 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol ), at Rome, Paschalis succeeded by Eugenius II., thirty-fifth 

 archbishop. 



" The same year (= 1484th of Synmu," art de verif.), Sa-ga succeeded by his younger brother 

 Siunwa, now dairo of Japan. 



"825 A. D. = ' pao-li,' 1st year of King-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chi- 

 nese chron. table). 



"The same year" (Paul, a St. Barthol , Vischer, and Gildem.), eras of Calicut and "Kaulam" 

 (Coolau). Said to mark the date of privileges granted to those cities by Charuman Perumal, the last 

 of the Keralian kings and a convert to Mohammedanism. 



Citcumis chafe of Equatorial Africa. " In or about this year" the " abdallawi " introduced into 

 Egypt — (Abu'lkasem Magrebi, quoted by Ebn Khilcan, and Ebn Ayyas), and a well-known fact: 

 the unripe fruit is called " adjur ; " in which we recognize the 'aggouria" of Simeon Sethus, and 

 Agap. Cretensis ; but the cultivation seems chiefly confined to Egypt, and is mentioned by Abd-allatif, 

 Alpinus pi. 1 16, Forskal p. 168, Delile, and Lane. The fruit is like a cucumber, but is pointed at each 

 end, and might be termed cucumber-melon. 



"826, June 1st" (Nicol.), a synod at Ingelheim. Ambassadors were received from the arch- 

 bishop of Rome, " announcing the conversion of Harold prince of Denmark." 



