628 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"827 A. D. = 'tai-ho,' 1st year of Wen-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese 

 chron. table). 



"The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Eugenius II. succeeded by Valentinus, thirty- 

 sixth archbishop. 



" The same year " (Nicol.), the Heptarchy or seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united and con- 

 quered by the king of Wessex, Ecgbryht or Egbert ; now sole monarch of England. 



"828 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Valentinus succeeded by Gregorius IV., thirty- 

 seventh archbishop. 



"829 A. D." (Alst), Michael Balbus succeeded by his son Theophilus, thirty-second Byzantine 

 emperor. 



" The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Lyons. Against the Jews 



" In or about 830 A. D. (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the convent church at S. Gallen in 

 France ; the plan furnished "by an architect at the court of Louis the Pious." 



831 A. D. = "756 an. jav." (Nata Kasuma, and Raffles x.), Aji Jaya Baya after a reign cele- 

 brated for its prosperity succeeded by his son Salapar Wata, now king of Java. 



Iahia Ben Masawia physician to khalif El-Mamun. — He died 857-S (Greenh.). 



Cassia tora of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Yemen " didjer el akbar " or " kolkol," in 

 which we recognize the "kilkil" of Ebn Masawia, — Maserjawia, Abu Hanifa, Abu Nasr, Rhazes, 

 Avicenna, Mosih, and Ebn Baitar : C. tora was observed in Yemen by Forskal. Eastward, is called 

 in Sanscrit "prusni-purni," in Bengalee " chakunda," in Telinga " tantim " (Lindl.) ; was observed 

 in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pi. 53, Roxburgh, Graham, and by myself, naturalized in the environs of 

 Bombay; the seeds are described by Ainslie as used medicinally by the natives, and according to 

 Lindley, the leaves are intermingled to adulterate the blunt-leaved senna. Farther East, C. tora is 

 described by Mason v. 490 as "one of the most abundant weeds" in Burmah, called "dan-kywai," 

 and the leaves "used to adulterate " senna; according to Blanco, is common in the Philippines, and 

 called " manimanihan '' or " mongomongolian " in Tagalo ; and was observed by Thunberg around 

 Nagasaki in Southern Japan. By European colonists, was unintentionally carried to Tropical Amer- 

 ica (Plum, xviii. pi. 72, Lam , and Pers.) ; and to Taheiti, as observed by myself. 



Crotalaria relitsa of Equatorial Africa. Called in Yemen "kalakel " or "kolkol" (Forsk.), and 

 possibly the plant in question : — C. retusa was observed by Forskal p. 134 at Mor and Hadie, along 

 the base and on the lower portion of the mountains of Yemen ; and by Bojer p. 86, seemingly indig- 

 enous on the mountains of the Mauritius Islands. Eastward, was observed by Rheede ix. pi. 25 

 in Malabar; by ('.raham, common on the " Bombay esplanade during the cold season ; " by Rox- 

 burgh, in other parts of Hindustan, but having no Sanscrit name ; by Mason, in Burmah ; and by 

 Rumphius v. pi. 96, in the Malayan archipelago. By European colonists, was carried to the West 

 Indies, where it has become naturalized on Dominica, Jamaica, Barbadoes, and Saint-Thomas 

 (A. Dec). 



Craltzgns azarolus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " azzarolo " or 'Tazzerolo " 

 (Lenz), in Greece " mfimStzulfia" (Fraas): the " zurur " of Ebn Masawia, — I. Ben Amran, Avi- 

 cenna, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sprengel, and Sontheimer : bushes of a species 

 of "hawthorn" were seen by Pococke, Shaw, and Bovd (Km. bibl. cycl.) on the Sinai mountains, 

 and the "zarur" was observed there by Robinson. Farther North, C. azarolus was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, and Fraas, from Crete to Constantinople. Westward, is described by Matthioli i. pi. 229, and 

 Ca:salpinus iii. 14 ; is termed " m. apii folio laciniato " by Tournefort inst 641 ; and is known to <row 

 in Carniolia, Italy, and Southern France (Scop., Pers., and Spreng.). 



Ipomoea (Pharbilis) nil of Hindustan and Burmah. The blue-flowered morning-glory is called 

 in Italy " campana azurea" (Graham), in Egypt " senbak " (Forsk.), in Bengalee " nee'l kalmee " 

 (Drur.) ; and the " habb-el-nil" of Ebn Masawia, — Hobaisch, Ishak ben Amran, Ebn Baitar, or 

 "granum indicum," is referred here by Royle antiq. hind. med. 9, seeds being sold at Calcutta as 

 purgative under the name of " kala dana" black seed (Lindl., and Drur.) : P. nil was observed by 

 Graham " common in Bombay and throughout the Concans, flowers towards the close of the rains ; " 

 by myself, to all appearance wild on the Deccan ; by Roxburgh, in Bengal ; and is given by Mason 

 with a mark of doubt as growing in Burmah Transported to the Mediterranean countries, w.is 

 observed by Forskal in gardens at Cairo; is described by Gesner hort f. 255 (Spreng.), Lobel'hist. 

 340, and Jacquin rar. pi. 36. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the Philippines, observed 

 by Blanco in Manila ; to the " South Sea Islands " (Lindl.) ; to Australia (Choisy) ; to the Mauri- 

 tius Islands where it has become naturalized, and to Austral Africa (Boj.) ; to Western Equatorial 

 Africa (fl. nigr. 445); to Northeast America, planted for ornament and occurs besides on "banks 

 and near dwellings from Maryland southward" (A. Gray), in "cultivated ground Florida" (Chapm ) 

 was observed by Nuttall even on the Arkansas. " P. hederacea" observed in Tropical America is 

 regarded as not distinct. 



