OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 6?[ 



\j 



herb. pi. 357, and Vill.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus through- 

 out the Greek islands to Smyrna in Asia Minor. 



" In this year (= 231 A. H. comm. Sept. 6th,'' Gildem. p. 124), the Arab traveller Salam journey- 

 ing in Northern Asia (Ebn Khordabah). 



"847 A. D. = 'ta-tchoung,' 1st year of Hiouan-tsoung" or Siouan-tsoung, of the Thang or 

 Fifteenth dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). He permitted the rebuilding of temples and 

 monasteries. 



"The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sergius II. succeeded by Leo IV., thirty-ninth 

 archbishop. 



"The same year" (art de verif.), Wathek succeeded by Motawakkel, tenth Abbassid khalif. 

 Coins issued by Motawakkel, are figured in Marcel p. 56. 



Honain-ebn-Izhak, a pupil of Ebn Masawia, received the appointment of physician to Motawak- 

 kel — (Abulfarag., Spreng. hist, med., and Greenh.). He died in 873 (Ebn Kallikan). 



Croton tiglium of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. The "dend"of Honain, — A. C. Elrahib, 

 Hobaisch, Rhazes, Serapion, I. B. Ali, and Ebn Baitar, is referred by Sontheimer, and Royle, to its 

 imported seeds: "abelmeluk" or "hab el-molouk '" Molucca seeds, are enumerated by Alpinus i. p. 

 178 to 181, and Uelile, as used medicinally in Egypt ; and according to Lindley, much of the croton 

 oil sold in Europe is made from seeds of C. tiglium. Eastward, this plant is called in Sanscrit 

 "jayapala," in Hindustanee "jamalgata" (Lindl.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pi. 33, 

 Roxburgh iii. p. 6S2, and is described by Graham as "a small tree " growing in the Southern Concan 

 "not common," but "in abundance in Travancore ; " was observed in Ceylon by Burmann pi. 90, 

 and specimens were received from Ceylon by Lindley. Farther East, is described by Mason v. p. 

 492 as "exotic" in Burmah, called "khan-na-kho," and "frequently seen under cultivation," the 

 seeds being used medicinally by the natives. 



Crotm pavaiia of Ava and the Eastern border of Hindustan. An allied species, — regarded 

 by Hamilton linn, trans, xiv. 259 as having probably furnished the original "grana tilli " or "grana 

 dilla." According to Lindley, " in all probability others equally allied to it will yield an oil of similar 

 quality." 



"848 A. D." (Blair), the Venetian fleet in the Bay of Crotona totally defeated by the Muslims. 

 "October" (Alst., and Nicol.), a synod at Mayence. The opinions of Godescalcus (Gothes- 

 chalc) on predestination and free-will, opposed by Rabanus Maurus and condemned. 



"The same year" (Irish annals, quoted by Wilde journ. Ulst. 27 for July 1S59, Troyon p. 219), 

 the crannoge of Lagore in Meath county sacked and burned by mercenaries under Cinaedh : — and 

 "in 933," the islet demolished by Aulaiv O'Hivair during the incursions of the Scandinavians. " In 

 1246, Turlough escaped from the crannoge of Lough-Leisi. "In 1368," Teige was made prisoner 

 by treachery in his crannoge of Ard-an-cheillin. " In 1436," the crannoge of Loch-Laoghaire was 

 captured by the sons of Brian O'Neill: and similar notices occur from 1455 to 1560. In Monaghan 

 county "in 1 591," as shown by a map made by Francis Jobson, the dwellings of the chiefs are all on 

 islets. " In 1603," mention is made of the crannoge of Nan-Duini. The last notice of a crannoge 

 is "in 1610," of one in Galway county. 



Greek inscriptions of about this date (Sylvestre), present the following form of the letter p. 

 "851 A. D. (= 1511th of Synmu," art de verif.), Ninmio succeeded by his eldest son Montoku 

 or Bontoku, now dairo of Japan. The gardens of his imperial palace were laid out by his prime min- 

 ister — (hist., and Jap. c. c. 116). 



The following plants cultivated in Japanese gardens as early perhaps as this year: of "ever- 

 green trees and shrubs," * the " sawara '' (Chamaecyparis pisifera), "ibuki (Juniperus Japonica), 



* Citrus Japonica of Japan. A shrub called in Japan " kinkan," and from early times culti- 

 vated in gardens— (Jap. c. c. 35) : observed in Japan by Thunberg 292, its fruit not larger than a 



cherry (Pers.). 



Pittosporum tobira of Southern Japan. An ornamental shrub called "tobera," from early times 

 planted in gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35): observed in Japan by Cleyer ii. 9. f. 22 (Spreng.), Kaempfer, 

 and Thunberg. Transported to Europe and to North America, has become a favorite in our green- 

 houses. 



Ilex Integra of Japan. Called there " moji-no-ki," and from early times planted in gardens — 

 (Jap. c. c. 35): observed in Japan by Thunberg (Pers.). 



Ilex latifolia of Japan. Called there " tarayo," and from early times planted in gardens — (Jap. 

 c c 35): observed in Japan by Thunberg (Pers.). 



Podocarpus maki of Japan, as far as Yeso. Called by the Ainos "tsikum," m Japan " maki " 

 (Sieb.), and from early times planted there in gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35) : known to grow on Yeso 

 (Sieb.). 



