OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 637 



and an allied species in Cotgrave harrewort (Prior) ; the little h&rre VVVPT that according to 

 the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 61 oftenest groweth in gardens and hath white flowers, — may be com- 

 pared : G. mollugo is described by Brunfels (Spreng.) ; is termed "g. album vulgare" by Tournefort 

 inst. 115 ; is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 455, Schrad , Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constanti- 

 nople. 



Galium cruciatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain cross-wort 

 (Prior) ; the VVPkeTe of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook iii. I. 8, — and " crosswort " of ms. Bodl. 

 536, are referred here by Cockayne : G. cruciatum is termed " crucialis " by Hermolaus Barbaras 

 (Spreng.), " cruciata hirsuta " by Tournefort inst. 115 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; and is 

 known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe (fl. Wett, Engl. bot. pi. 143, and Pers.). 

 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. 



Campanula trachelium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain throat- 

 wort (Prior), in Holland " halskruid," in Germany '■halskraut" or " halswurz," in Denmark ''hals- 

 urt" (Cockayne), in which we recognize the h^LSVVyPT of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook: — C. 

 trachelium is termed " uvularia major" by Tragus (Spreng.), " c. vulgatior foliis urticae vel major 

 et asperior " by Tournefort inst. 109 ; is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 1026, Engl. bot. pi. 12, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount 

 Athos. 



Primula %>eris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain cowslip or cows- 

 lop, in Old English " petty mullein" in medieval Latin " verbasculum" (Prior), in Turkish " taus- 

 chian kulaghe " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the CVSLypp&.n of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook 

 iii. 30, — Lacnunga, and the " cusloppe " of yElfric's glossary : the " herbam paralysis " is mentioned 

 by Hermolaus Barbarus, Brunschwygk ii. 8, and Brunfels p. 190 ; P. veris is described by Matthioli 

 p. 883, and Gerarde ; is termed "p. veris odorata flore luteo simplici " by Tournefort inst. 124 ; is 

 known to grow in France and throughout middle and Northern Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 433, Jacq., and 

 Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus. 

 Its flowers according to Lindley "make a pleasant soporific wine." 



Scrophularia nodosa of Northern Climates. Called in Britain jigwori or brownwort, in Germany 

 "braunwurz," but by Brunfels and old writers "brunnwurz" apparently from growing around "brun- 

 nen" or public fountains (Prior), in which we recognize the brVne VVyrT of the Anglo-Saxon 

 leechbook i. 38. 4, — and transl. Apul. 57: S. nodosa is described by Gesner hort. germ, f 254 

 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. nodosa foetida" by Tournefort inst. 166 ; is known to grow in moist situa- 

 tions from Italy and Spain throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Colm., 

 Bertol., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; and is known to 

 grow about Caucasus and in Siberia (A. Dec). Farther East, is known to grow in Oregon (Dougl., 

 Scouler, and Hook, fl.), and California (A. Dec.) ; was 'observed by E. James at the sources of the 

 Platte in the Rocky mountains ; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, along the Arkansas ; by Short, in Ken- 

 tucky ; by Percival, in Canada ; by Clayton 71 in Virginia (Linn. sp. pi.); is known to occur through- 

 out our Atlantic States (Pursh, Ell., and A. Gray) and "from Florida to Mississippi" (Chapm.), 

 but so far as observed by myself having the aspect of an introduced plant, chiefly met with where 

 roads cross streams. According to Burnett, and Lindley, the leaves and roots are " said to be 

 purgative and emetic," and "a decoction of the leaves is used by farmers to cure the scab in 

 swine." " S. Marylandica" observed by Banister in Virginia (Ray suppl. 396), is regarded as not 



distinct. 



Scrophularia aquatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included in Britain under 

 the name brownwort, called besides water-betony or bishop's leaves, in France "herbe du siege" 

 understood as of a bishop's see (Prior), but according to Burnett, from its roots eaten by the garri- 

 son of Rochelle during the siege in 1628 by cardinal Richelieu: possibly included in the above 

 Anolo-Saxon "brune wyrt : " — S. aquatica is termed "s. aquatica major" by Tournefort inst. 166; 

 and°is known to grow in watery places from Switzerland throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 

 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 507, and Pers.). Farther East, was observed by Sibthorp at the lake of Nicaa 

 in Greece. Its properties according to Lindley " much as in the last species." 



Euphrasia officinalis of Northern Climates. Called in Britain eyebright (Prior), in France 

 "eufraise" (Nugent) : the e^gVVyPTof the Anglo-Saxon leechbook iii. 30 — is referred here by 

 Cockayne : E. officinalis is mentioned by Brunschwygk, and \V. Coles (Prior) ; is termed "e. offici- 

 narum" by Tournefort inst. 174; is known to grow on the mountains of the Azores and Southern 

 Spain and from France throughout Northern Europe as far as North Cape in Lapland, the Feroe 

 Islands and Iceland (Hook., Wats., Wahl, Boiss., and Trevel.). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 

 thorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus and the Bithynian Olympus : is known to grow also on 

 Taurus (Bieb.), in Cabul, Cashmere, and on the Himalaya mountains (A. Dec, and Lindl.), and in 



