638 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Siberia (Gmel.). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; is known to grow on the 

 Rocky mountains (Drummond), in Canada from " Lat. 64 " (Hook.), at York factory (Rich.), in 

 Labrador from Lat. 57 (E. Meyer), in Greenland (Gieseck), Newfoundland (Lapil.) ; was observed by 

 Michaux, and myself, on the Lower St. Lawrence ; and ceases at about Lat. 45 in New England 

 (Muhl., and A. Gray). The plant according to Lindley is " slightly bitter and aromatic," and "has 

 had much reputation in diseases of the eye." 



Rumex sanguineus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain blood-wort 

 or bloody dock (Prior), and the re \ 6 &. n d C C \ n of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 49 — is referred 

 here by Cockayne: R. sanguineus is described by Valerius Cordus (Spreng. prsf.); is termed " lapa- 

 thum folio acuto rubente " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; was observed by Schrader in Germany ; and is 

 known to occur in other parts of middle" Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 492, Engl. bot. pi. 

 1533, and Kit.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in Virginia and around 

 Newbern and Charleston (Pers., Ell., Croom, and Chapm.). 



Rumex maritimus of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The f e \ Lpkn 

 doCCkn fallow dock of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 49 — is referred here in part by Cockayne : 

 R. maritimus is described by Petiver brit. pi. 2. f. 8; was observed by Pollini veron. (Lenz) along 

 the Adriatic ; and is known to grow along the Atlantic in the salt marshes of France and Britain 

 (Smith brit. i. 253, Lam. fi. fr., and Pers.). Farther West, across the Atlantic, is enumerated by 

 A. Gray as growing on the " sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in the interior ; " 

 by Chapman, on the seashore of North Carolina. " R. persicarioides " regarded as not distinct, was 

 observed by Pursh, and Elliott, from Virginia to Carolina; by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, 

 on the Arkansas. 



Cynosurus cristatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dog's-tail 

 grass from its spike fringed on one side only, or windle-straw from its stem used for platting (Prior) ; 

 and the ITIICLe $re&.Te VVindeL STrejitVV two-edged and growing in highways according to 

 the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 4. 3, — is referred here by Cockayne : C. cristatus is described by Bar- 

 relier pi. 27; is termed "gramen spicatum glumis cristatis " by Tournefort inst. 519; and is known 

 to grow in grassy places throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 316, and Pers.). Eastward, the 

 "kunosoura" of Eustathius may be compared: C. cristatus was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, 

 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 



Agrostis spica-venti of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Britain windle- 

 straw (Prior, Mylne, and Cockayne), and agreeing with the implied smaller " windel streaw : " — A. 

 spica-venti is described by Lobel pi. 1. 3 (Spreng.), and Parkinson ; is known to occur in cultivated 

 ground throughout middle Europe (Leers pi. 4, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Chaubard 

 in the Peloponnesus. 



Aira ccsspitosa of Northern Climates. A grass growing in tufts that in Britain are called has- 

 socks (Nemnich, and Prior); the C&.SS VC of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 63 and iii. 62 — is referred 

 here by Cockayne, confirmation being found in Lacnunga : A. ca^spitosa is termed "gramen pratense 

 paniculatum altissimum locustis parvis splendentibus non aristatis " by Tournefort inst. 524 ; and is 

 known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers., 

 and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp frequent in grassy tracts on the Greek islands ; is 

 known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats., and Kunth). Farther East, across the 

 Pacific, is known to grow on Unalascha (Kunth) ; in Canada, and as far South as Lat. 40 in central 

 Pennsylvania (Muhl., Darl., Wats., and A. Gray). 



Avena pratensis of middle and Northern Europe. The Se Lp\e T6 of the Anglo-Saxon leech- 

 book iii. 8, referred by Cockayne to the wild oat, may be compared: A. pratensis is termed "gramen 

 avenaceum panicula purpuro-argentea splendente " by Tournefort inst. 525 ; and is known to grow in 

 meads throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland (Engl. bot. pi. 1204, Pers., and A. Dec). East- 

 ward, was observed by Sibthorp near Constantinople. 



"The same year" (Alst. p. 371), Otfridus Wissenburgensis writing on religious subjects in the 

 vernacular language of Franconia. 



"860 to S63 A. D." (Rafn), rediscovery of Iceland by the Scandinavian navigator Gardar. 



The nilometer at Rhoda having been accidentally injured, was rebuilt by khalif Motawakkel 

 (Kufic inscript., Marcel, and Wilk. Theb. and eg. p. 312). Its "pointed arches" may therefore 

 prove the earliest instances of this style of art (see below, Tooloon). 



"861 A. D." (art de verif.), Motawakkel succeeded by Montaser, eleventh Abbassid khalif. 



Strychnos nux-vomica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The imported seeds are mentioned 

 by Abram— (Serap. 164, F. Adams), and Haly Abbas. The tree is called in Telinga " musadi," in 

 Bengalee " kuchila " (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay " kajra " (Graham) ; is mentioned by a com- 

 mentator on the Amara-cosha (W. Jones in as. res. iv. p. 128) ; was observed in Hindustan by 



