OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 639 



Rheede i. pi. 37, Roxburgh, and Royle ; by Graham, in the " hilly parts of the Concans," the bitter 

 wood of the roots " used by the natives in the cure of intermittent fevers ; " is known to grow also 

 on Ceylon (Linn. fl. zeyl. 91). Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. 488 as indigenous in Bur- 

 mah and called " kha-boung," growing "as far South as Maulmain," the pulp of the fruit "a favourite 

 repast with native children," and the bark " used by the Karens in fevers ; " the lignum cohtbrinum 

 of commerce is regarded by Blume as consisting in great part of wood of this species, more than of 

 any other (Lindl.). Westward from Hindustan, the imported seeds are called in Egypt " kydjle " or 

 "chobz el ghorab" or "aejsch el ghorab " (Forsk. mat. med., and Del.), and according to Clot-Bey 

 the living tree has recently been introduced ; " nucis vomice " is mentioned by Nicolaus Proposi- 

 tus 122, and continues well known in Europe as exceedingly poisonous seeds affording as in other 

 species the principle called strychnia; the bark is besides imported under the name of false 

 Angustura (Lindl.). 



" 862 A. D." (art de verif .), Montaser succeeded by Mostain, twelfth Abbassid khalif. 



" The same year " (Talvi, and others), at Novogorod, dissensions among the Slavonians in 

 electing their " posadnik " (mayor), the choice falling upon Rurik chief of the Varegians ; an 

 encroaching Scandinavian tribe (by the Finns called " Ruotzi " or " strangers " ). The election lead- 

 ing to a more warlike policy, is regarded as the beginning of the Russian empire. The encroaching 

 Scandinavians being comparatively few, soon becoming amalgamated and merged in the general 

 Slavonian population. 



"863 A. D." (Talvi). Some Slavonian tribes (according to Kopitar) already in possession of the 

 Glagolitic alphabet. But "about this time," the Greek alphabet with some additional letters applied 

 to the Slavonic language by Constantine usually called Cyril ; sent to Moravia with his brother 

 Methodius as missionaries; and the Gospels translated by them into Slavonic. 



The same year (= " 5th year of Seiwa," art de verif.), the writings of Confucius brought to the 

 court of Japan, and read with approval. 



"865 A. D." (Alst. p. 371), Huldericus bishop of Augsburg writing against the celibacy of the 

 clergy : and against encroachment on the religious liberty enjoyed by the German priesthood. 



"The same year" (Nicol.), Ethelbert II. succeeded by Ethelred or Ethered, fifth Anglo-Saxon 

 king of England. 



" 866 A. D." (art de verif.), Mostain succeeded by Motaz, thirteenth Abbassid khalif. 



Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bent!.), Agnivahu reigning in 

 Hindustan. 



"867 A. D." (Blair), the Danes under Ivar brought into England by Earl Bruern, and Northum- 

 berland conquered by them. 



"The same year" (Alst.), Michael III. succeeded by Basilius Macedo, thirty-fourth Byzantine 

 emperor. Writings by the emperor Basilius are extant; and in his reign, Christianity was finally 

 adopted by the Greeks of Maina in the Peloponnesus (Porphyrog. adm. 224, and E. A. Soph.). 



One hundred and fifty-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 867, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 

 writer Nachshon : the Arab writers, Ebn Kotaiba, Alfrag^nus, Kostha ben Luca, Beladsor d. 892 

 (Gildem.) : Nicetas Paphlago, Joannes diaconus and rhetor, Simeon Metaphrastes, Joseph the hym- 

 nographer d. 883, Metrophanes of Smyrna : Hincmarus ; John Scotus ; Ambrosius Ansbertus, Remlgius 

 Antisiodorensis. 



"The same year" (T. Wright early trav. Palest.), sailing of Bernard from Tarentum, provided 

 with letters of safe conduct from the Muslim prince of Southern Italy, and in company with three 

 thousand Christian captives in two ships. Landing at Alexandria and proceeding up the Nile, Bernard 

 describes "such a peace" between Christians and Muslims that a traveller's baggage might be safely 

 left on the road : but any one found journeying " without a letter or some mark of a king or prince of 

 that land" is imprisoned, until he can give an account of himself, "whether he be a spy or not." 

 After reaching the village of Babylon, Bernard returned Northward, proceeding to Damietta, thence 

 to Faramea and across the Desert by the nearest route to Palestine. 



"868 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Nicolaus succeeded by Hadrianus II., forty-second 

 archbishop. 



"869 A. D." (art de verif), Motaz succeeded by Mohtadi, fourteenth Abbassid khalif. 



Hobaisch, a nephew of Honain (Spreng. hist. med. vi. 5), may have been at this time writing. 



Liquidambar altingia of mountainous districts in the East Indies. The "miat" described by 

 Hobaisch as flowing from the bark of a lofty tree in the East Indies, — mentioned also by Ishak Ebn 

 Amran Rhazes, Serapion 46, Avicenna, Abu Khoraij, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sprengel: 

 the "storacis liquide" is mentioned by Franciscus de Pedemontium f. 133 ; and liquid storax con- 

 tinues to be largely imported into Europe. Eastward, L. altingia growing at the elevation of from two 

 to three thousand feet on Java, was ascertained by Noronha, and Blume fl. jav. pi., to yield the " ras-sa- 

 ma-la" of the Malays or true liquid storax: and farther North, according to Mason v. p. 486 (and 



