OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 64 1 



called ash-leaved maple or box-elder, and sugar procured from it by the Crees * perhaps from early 

 times — (R. Brown jun.) : grows according to A. Gray on "river-banks, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, 

 and southward," a "small but handsome tree ; " was observed by F. A. Michaux in the Southern and 

 Western States ; by Elliot, in the upper district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Chapman, " Florida and 

 northward ; " by Darby, near New Orleans ; by E. James, from the Missouri to within the Rocky moun- 

 tains ; by Nuttall, along the Missouri to the mountains ; and by Richardson, as far as 53 on the 

 Saskatchewan (see also Hook.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet pi. 123 (Spreng.), 

 Linnseus, and Duhamel i. pi. 11; was observed by Clot- Bey in the gardens of Egypt. 



"876 to 877 A. D." (Rafn), beyond Iceland, "islands" discovered by Gunbjorn : the coast of 

 Greenland, — as subsequently ascertained. 



"877 A. D." (Abu Zeid, see also Pauth.), the city of Kan-fou (Canton) captured by Hoang-tchao, 

 and all the inhabitants put to death ; including " twenty-six thousand Muslims, Jews, Christians, and 

 Parsees, residing there for the purposes of commerce." 



"The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Seiwa, in favour of his eldest son 

 Josei or Yo-zei, now fifty-seventh dairo of Japan. 



"The same year" (Nicol.), Charles II. le Chauve succeeded by his son Louis II., as king of 

 France. 



"878, Aug. nth" (Nicol.), a synod at Troyes. An ordinance was adopted, that the bodies of 

 excommunicated persons, instead of being buried, "should be exposed to beasts of prey." 



" Under the administration of Tooloon " (Marcel p. 61 and 68), construction of the subterranean 

 aqueducts that supply the city of Alexandria with water. Tradition. among the Copts ascribes the 

 work to Sanutious or Shenouda, at this time Coptic patriarch. 



"S79 A. D." (according to two Kufic inscriptions), and on the site selected ninety years after- 

 wards for the city of Cairo, the mosque of Tooloon completed. With the possible exception of the 

 nilometer of Motawakkel, it presents the earliest pointed arches (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 302 and 

 457, and Marcel p. 75, see also Lepsreg. and sin. p. 73). — The new style soon became universal 

 in Egypt ; and very little change has since taken place in Muslim architecture ; recognized through- 

 out the East by the dome and pointed arch. In the West also, the origin and extension of the 

 so-called " Gothic " architecture, is clearly connected with the Muslim occupancy of Sicily and 

 Spain. 



Serratula behen of Syria and Cyprus. The "bahman" of Ishak ben Amran, — Rhazes, Avi- 

 cenna 141, Mosih, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by writers: "bahman" roots from 

 Greece, are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as used medicinally in Egypt. Farther North, S. 



* Phaca aboriginorum of the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie river. From early times, eaten by 

 the Crees and Stone indians East of the Rocky mountains — (R. Brown jun.) : described by Hooker, 

 and as growing from Lake Winnipeg to the Rocky mountains, and Bear Lake at 66°. 



Herackum lanatum of Subarctic America. The American cow-parsnip, from early times used 

 as a potherb by the Crees, and its roots and young stems eaten by the tribes along the Pacific — 

 (R. Brown jun.): observed by Michaux in Canada; by Lapilaye, in Newfoundland; by myself, 

 from the Subalpine portion of the White mountains to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Muhlenberg, and 

 Chapman, "mountains of North Carolina;" by Short, in Kentucky; and according to Hooker, grows 

 throughout Canada to 58° on the Mackenzie river, also in Northwest America as far as Unalascha. 



Urtica gracilis of North America. A tall nettle, very slightly stinging ; and from early times, 

 fibre obtained from its stem by the Northwestern tribes — (R. Brown jun.) : received from Hudson 

 Bay by Aiton (Pers.) ; termed " u. procera " by Muhlenberg (Steud.) ; observed by Pursh from Canada 

 to Pennsylvania ; by A. Gray, " common, especially northward " from Central New York ; by myself, 

 from 43 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in the Upper 

 district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and by Long's 

 Expedition ii., on the Upper Mississippi. 



Lilium Canadense of Northeast America. The Canadian yellow lily, its root from early times 

 eaten by the natives of Northwest America — (R. Brown jun.): "mountain-lilies bearing many yellow 

 flowers, turning up their leaves like the martigon, or Turk's-cap, spotted with small spots as deep as 

 safiforn," were seen by Josselyn rav. 54 in New England : L. Canadense was observed by Michaux in 

 Canada and on the Alleghanies of Virginia and Carolina ; by myself, on the border of marshes from 

 47 30' on the Lower St Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Torrey, to 41° on the Hudson ; by 

 Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Catesby pi. 11 (Pers.), and Elliot, on the Alleghanies of 

 Carolina; by Chapman, in "mountain-meadows, Georgia, and northward;" by Beck, as far as the 

 Mississippi near St Louis. Transported to Europe, is described by Io Robin (Spreng.), Morison iv. 

 pi. 20, and Barrelier. 



81 



