OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 647 



the Go-sen in 950, Sif-i in 986, Go-sif-i in 1086, Kin-yo in 1128, Zi-kwa in 1144, Zin-zai in 1187, Sin- 

 ko-kin in 1205, all ancient; and after these, the §in-tsokf-sen in 1223, Zokf-go-sen in 1250, Zokf-ko-kin 

 in 1267, Zokf-sif-i in 1280, Sin-go-sen in 1304, Giokf-ye-ziou in 1313, Zokf-zen-zai in 1318, Zokf-go-sif-i 

 in 1327, Fo-ga-ziou in 1346, Sin-zen-zai in 1360, Sin-sif-i in J364, Sin-go-sif-i in 1382, and Sin-zokf-ko- 

 kin in 1438 ; in all "twenty-one" collections. 



"The same year" (Alst), at Rome, Joannes X. succeeded by Benedictus IV., fifty-second arch- 

 bishop. 



"The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Rhegino Abbas. 



Aspidium (Cibotiuui) baromez of the country between Caucasus and the Volga. A fern from its 

 mode of growth called lamb-plant or Tartar lamb; and in the annals of the Thang dynasty "vegeta- 

 tive lambs " are mentioned as growing in the country formerly called Tathsin but in later days Fulin — 

 ("polin" or Constantinople, Yule i. p. lvii) : The Tartar lamb is also mentioned by Odoric 43, and 

 J. C. Scaliger exot. 1537 f. 248; and is identified with C. baromez in the English cycl. nat. hist. 



"907 A. D. = 'kai-ping,' 1st year of Tai-tsou " or Tchou-san, head of the new dynasty of the 

 "later Liang" (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). The beginning of the Ou-tai or Five short 

 dynasties. 



"The same year" (Alst ), at Rome, Benedictus IV. succeeded by Leo V., fifty-third archbishop. 



"908 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Leo V. succeeded by Christophorus ; and before the close of the 

 year, by Sergius III., fifty-fifth archbishop. 



" The same year " (art de verif ), Moktafi succeeded by Moktader, eighteenth Abbassid khalif. A 

 coin issued by Moktader, is figured in Marcel p. 90. 



"910 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome,'Sergius III. succeeded by Anastasius III., fifty-sixth 

 archbishop. 



" 911 A. D. = 1st year of the 'kian-hoa' of Tai-tsou " — (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year" (Alst.), Leo VI. succeeded by his son Constantinus VIII. or Alexander Con- 

 stantinus, thirty-sixth Byzantine emperor. 



Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Sucra reigning in 

 Hindustan. 



"912 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol-), at Rome, Anastasius III. succeeded by Lando ; and before the 

 close of the year, by Joannes XL, fifty-eighth archbishop. 



"913 A. D. = 'kian-hoa,' 1st year of Tchou-tching, of the later Liang" or Sixteenth dynasty — ■ 

 (Chinese chron. table). 



About this time ("900 to 925," Gildem. p. 76), Isthakhri writing his geographical work. He 

 mentions Moultan (situated near the confluence of the five branches of the Indus) and an idol there 

 venerated by the Hindus and receiving costly gifts from pilgrims (suffered to remain, notwithstand- 

 ing that the city had been long held by Muslims). He describes the " Rous " or Russians as burn- 

 ing their dead, and having a rule not to shave one another's beards. 



Abutilon Indicum of Tropical Africa and Arabia. Called in Yemen " ren," and the crude 

 flowers eaten (Forsk. p. xciii) : a flower in Persia, eaten green like leaves of '■ chukender" beet, is 

 mentioned by Isthakhri : — A. Indicum was observed by Forskal p. 124 in moist places in Tropical 

 Arabia ; and is known to occur in Tropical Africa as far as the Atlantic (Benth. fl. Nigr., and A. 

 Dec). Eastward, is described by Rumphius iv. pi. n ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. 

 pi. 45, Roxburo-h, Wight ; by Graham, " a tall herbaceous plant three or four feet " high, " common in 

 waste places about villages ; " and according to Lindley, with " other allied species " is substituted 

 for " marsh-mallow as an emollient." Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 503 as called in 

 Burmah " tha-ma-khyoke," cultivated by the natives, and " considered all over India a very good sub- 

 stitute for marsh-mallows : " was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, used by the natives medici- 

 nally, and called in Tagalo " cuacuacohan " or " guilig-guiligan," in Bisaya " malis " or " palis " or 

 "tabino-" or "dalupang." As transported to Europe, is termed "abutilon" by Camerarius hort. pi. 1 

 (Linn., and Spreng.). 



Pancratium Jllyricum of Southern Persia. Called in Egypt "susann," in which we recognize the 

 "susen nero-us" lily-narcissus growing in the territory around Shiraz, according to Isthakhri : — P. 

 Illyricum was observed by Forskal in gardens at Alexandria, the flower in whiteness surpassing the 

 lily and all artificial dyes. 



"QIC A. D. = ' tchinc-ming,' 1st year of Tching, of the later Liang" or Sixteenth dynasty — 



(Chinese chron. table). 



" In or about this year " (Gildem. p. 73), China visited by Abu Yazid Muhammed ben Yazid of 

 Siraf . — Masudi obtained information from him at Basra. 



As early at least as this date (Colebrooke as. res. viii. p. 467), Suca expounding the Vedas. — 

 He is described in the Sancara vijeya as the instructor of Gaudapada. 



020 A. D. = "845 an. jav." (Raffles ix. and x.), date of an inscription in the Kawi or ancient 



