648 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Javan character on a stone discovered near the site of Jang'gala. The founding of Jang'gala on the 

 accession of king Dewa Kasuma son of Kandiawan, is assigned (by Adi Mang'gala) to "about 846 

 an. jav." — The country around the site in the division of Surabaya "is strewed with antiquities." 



"923 A. D. = ' thoung-kouang,' 1st year of Tchouang-tsoung, of the later Thang " (Chinese 

 chron. table) : the new name arising from the desire of this emperor to continue the Thang dynasty 

 (Pauth.). 



"The same year" (Blair), in France, fiefs or manor-jurisdictions begin to be established. 



"The same year" (Cockayne note to Leechb. i. 40), date of the treatise by Rhazes on the 

 small pox. 



Cleome pcntaphylla of Equatorial Africa. Called in Nubia " arareg " (Del.), in Dongola " tama- 

 lak " (Cailliaud), in" which we recognize the " tumluk " or " kunnabari " of Rhazes, — and Avicenna, 

 described by Ebn Elawam as a sort of wild greens growing in gardens and on the strand of rivers, 

 and identified by Ebn Baitar with the " elbargascht ",of the Persians : C. pentaphylla was observed 

 by Alpinus, and Delile, as far North as Cairo ; is enumerated by Clot-Bey among the plants employed 

 in Egypt for feeding cattle ; and is a well-known esculent on the Upper Nile and throughout Equa- 

 torial Africa as far as Congo (Oudney, R. Brown, and A. Dec). Eastward, the " karavella " or 

 " suryyavalli " of Susrutas sutr. 19 to 46 is referred here by Hessler ; C. pentaphylla has Sanscrit 

 names (Pidd.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ix. pi. 24, and Wight; by Graham, in the 

 environs of Bombay " common in gardens and cultivated grounds." Farther East, is enumerated by 

 Blanco as called "arafia" at Manila. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1707 (Sloane i. 94) 

 to Tropical America, where the names "sambo" at Jamaica, "mosambe" or "acaia" at Cayenne, 

 and "coyers" at Barbadoes, imply African origin; was also carried to Taheiti, as verified by myself. 



Ghuicitim citrintim of Northern Hindustan. Called at Lahore "mameeran " (Honigb. 2S0), in 

 which we recognize the "mamiran " of Rhazes. The " ma-mee-ran " is however defined in the Ulfaz 

 Udwiyeh 1351 as a species of yellow wood (J. F. Wats, index). 



Snada vera of Arabia and Egypt. Called in Egypt " suaed " or "soud," in which we recognize 

 the "suad" of Rhazes, — Ebn Kedhwan, Mosih ben Elhakam, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar: S. vera 

 was observed by Forskal, and Delile. on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria: and 

 farther South, by Forskal in the maritime portion of Yemen. 



Spinacia olcracea of Central Asia. Called in Egypt "esbanach," in which we recognize the 

 "isfanaj" of Rhazes, — Avicenna, Serapion, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar: S. oleracea was observed in 

 E^vpt by Alpinus, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey. Farther North, is called in Persian "ispanaj" 

 or "ispanj " (Roxb.) ; seeds were collected in the plains of Persia by Olivier (Bosc. diet, agr.) ; and 

 the plant was found by C. Koch apparently indigenous around Caucasus (A. Dec). Westward, is 

 described by Brunfels p. 16, Fuchs p. fif^s. Tragus, Matthioli, Cotgrave, Dodoens v. 1, and C. Bauhin ; 

 continues to be cultivated throughout Europe, and is called in Italian "spinace," in English spinach 

 (Prior). Eastward from Persia, has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec.) ; but is called in Hindustanee 

 "isfanaj" or " palak " or " bathua " (D'rozar ), was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and by 

 Graham "cultivated in gardens." Farther East, was observed by Loureiro cultivated around Canton. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be abundantly culti- 

 vated. 



Zygophyllum fabago of the Northern portion of the Desert, from Barbary to Syria and the border 

 of Siberia. The "andarian " of Rhazes 24 — is referred here by Sprengel : Z. fabago was observed 

 by Rauwolf p. 113 in Syria; and according to Lindley, is esteemed there "as a vermifuge:" is 

 known to grow also on the border of Siberia, in the Crimea, and in Barbary (Lam. ill. pi. 345, Pers., 

 and Lindl.). 



Acacia tortilis of Yemen. Called there " hares : " the " yellow and red vars " described by 

 Rhazes as "brought from Yemen and collected upon trees like pounded saffron," — may be com- 

 pared : Forskal is silent respecting any use made of A. tortilis ; but the tree is enumerated by Lind- 

 ley among the species of Acacia "yielding a gum like gum arabic." 



Guilandina Inmduc of Tropical shores, from the West Indies and Brazil to the Eastward to the 

 Malayan Archipelago and the Samoan and Hawaiian islands. The " bunduk hindi " of Rhazes, — 

 Masudi, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar, maybe compared: G. bonduc was observed by Forskal p. 135 

 in the interior towns of Yemen, brought from Hindustan and planted by the Banians under the name 

 of "sirs,'' but unknown to the Arabs around. Eastward, has Sanscrit names (Pidd.) ; is called in 

 Bengalee " nata," in Hindustanee " katkarunja " or " katkulija " (Lindl.); was observed by Rheede 

 ii. pi. 22 in Malabar; by Graham, "a scandent well armed shrub" called " sagur-gota," common "in 

 hedges and jungly tracts;" was observed by nnself near Bombay; and according to Roxburgh, 

 Wight, and Lindley p. 156 and 2G3, the seeds in powder are a powerful bitter and tonic, and an excel- 

 lent febrifuge. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah and called " ka-leino- ; " 

 was observed by Wallich 5806 on Penang ; is known to grow on Timor (Decsnefl. p. 134); was observed 



