OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 653 



Haly Abbas about this time writing. 



"951 A. D. = 'kouang-chun,' 1st year of Tai-tsou II." or Ko-wei, head of the new dynasty of 

 the later Tcheou (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 



"954 A. D. = ' hien-te,' 1st year of Chi-tsoung, of the later Tcheou" or Twentieth dynasty 

 (Chinese chron. table). 



"955; Nov. 23d" (Nicol.), Edred succeeded by Edwy or Edwyn, eleventh Anglo-Saxon king of 

 England. 



Nigella damascena of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain fennel-flower or devil-in- 

 the-bush or bishop' s-wort (Prior), in Greece "mavrokoko" or "porthohorton " (Sibth.) ; in which we 

 recognize the b I SCO p wy PT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 1,* — and a glossary at Epinal: 

 N. damascena has been long cultivated in Britain (Curt, mag pi. 22) ; is termed " n. angustifolia flore 

 majore simplici cceruleo " by Tournefort inst. 258 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is 

 known to occur in cultivated ground in Southern France and Spain (Pers., and Boj.). Eastward, was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard frequent in cultivated ground in Greece and on the Greek 

 islands ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt. By European colo- 

 nists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and has been observed 

 by A. Gray " nearly spontaneously around gardens ; " to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed 

 by Bojer under cultivation as a garden flower. (Compare bishop' s-weed, Ammi majus.) 



* Ranunculus acris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with other species butter- 

 cup or king-cup or king-cob (Prior), its many-petaled form in France " bouton d'or " (Pers.) : the 

 CLVfVVyTT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 10 — is referred here by Cockayne: R. acris is 

 termed "r. hortensis " by Fuchsius 157 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow abundantly throughout 

 middle and Northern Europe (Thuil , Dec fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, is known to grow on Cau- 

 casus (Bieb.), and in Northern Asia (Wats ) : and thence may have been carried by Russian colo- 

 nists across the Pacific to Norfolk Sound, where it was observed by Mertens. Clearly by European 

 colonists, was carried to Iceland and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where 

 it has become naturalized, multiplying especially in clearings that have become grass-grown in our 

 Northern States and Canada, as far even as the central portion of the continent in " Lat. 58° " 

 (Drumm., and Hook.). From its superior height over two allied species, is termed tall butter-cup 

 by A. Gray. 



Ranunculus gramineus of middle Europe. The refn€S fOT raven's foot of the Anglo- 

 Saxon transl. Apul. 28 — is referred here by Cockayne : R. gramineus is described by Linnaeus ; and 

 is known to grow in mountain meads in France and Britain (Gouan, Smith brit. ii. p. 588, Pers., and 

 Steud.). 



Saxifraga granulata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Germany "weiss steinbrech " 

 (Trao\), and the Sund COPn of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 99 — from the figure in manuscript 

 V, is referred here by Cockayne : S. granulata is described by Platearius, Brunfels 1S5, Tragus i. 

 pi. 180, and Dodoens 316 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. rotundifolia alba" by Tournefort inst. 252 ; and 

 is known to grow throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 514, Curt. lond. i. pi. 30, and Pers.). East- 

 ward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grassy places in the Peloponnesus. 



Eupatorium cannabinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hemp- 

 agrimonv (Prior); the henep of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 116 — may be compared, the 

 fio-ure in manuscript V agreeing according to Harley and Cockayne : E. cannabinum is classed under 

 " hepatorium " by Gerarde ; is known to grow in marshy ground throughout middle Europe as far as 

 Denmark (Tourn. inst. 456, fl. Dan. pi. 745, Engl. bot. pi. 428, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed 

 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in shady wet situations from the Peloponnesus to Con- 

 stantinople. , 



Cirsium acaule of middle and Northern Europe. The VVVOV TnlSTeL of the Anglo- 

 Saxon transl. Apul. 111 — may be compared with its caulescent form when growing in woods, the 

 fio-ure in manuscript V resembling according to Cockayne C. lanceolatum : C. acaule is described by 

 Linnaeus • and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 1 1 14, Vill., and Pers.). 



Gentiana amarella of Northern Europe, and farther South on mountains. One or more species 

 called in Britain felwort (Prior) ; the fe LdpVVPT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 17,— -may be 

 compared: G. amarella is termed '• g. pratensis flore lanuginoso " by Tournefort inst. 81 ; and is 

 known to be frequent in Britain, France, and Northern Europe (flor. Dan. pi. 328, Engl. bot. pi. 236, 

 and Pers.) ; Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in grassy situations on the Bithynian Olympus. 

 The plant according to Lindley is "one of the British substitutes for the gentian of the shops." 



Pinguicula vulgaris of Northern Climates. Called in Britain butiervjorl (Prior) : the 



