OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 655 



basil (A. Gray), in Greece " kopsohorton" (Sibth.), and the "mistel" in question, — although the 

 figure does not well agree, is referred here by Cockayne : C. clinopodium is described by Valerius 

 Cordus, Gesner, Matthioli, and Clusius (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. origano simile elatius majore folio " 

 by Tournefort inst. 195 ; is known to grow in Algeria (Benth.), Italy (Lenz), and throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Sweden and Kasan (fl. Dan. pi. 933, Fries, and Ledeb.). Eastward, was observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in mountainous stony places in the Peloponnesus and Crete; is known 

 to grow on Caucasus, and throughout middle Asia as far as Cashmere and Lake Baikal (Ledeb., and 

 Benth.). By European colonists, was carried to the Azores (Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where 

 it has become naturalized in open situations from Newfoundland and Canada to South Carolina and 

 Missouri (Hook., Beck, and A. Dec). 



Lysimachia nummularia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain money- 

 wort (Prior) : the CenTimOrblk of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 162 — is referred here by 

 Lovell, Lyte, and Nemnich (Cockayne): L. nummularia is termed "1. humifusa folio rotundiore flore 

 luteo" by Tournefort inst. 141 ; and is known to grow in wet soil throughout middle Europe as far 

 as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 493, Curtis lond. iii. pi. 14, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, 

 and Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 



Holcus lanatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The C VV I C€ of the Anglo-Saxon 

 transl. Apul. 79 — may be compared with the " weich " of Hildegarde ii. 165, referred here by Sprengel : 

 H. lanatus is termed " gramen pratense paniculatum molle " by Tournefort inst. 522 ; and is known 

 to grow in meads in France and throughout middle Europe (Vill., Curt. lond. iv. pi. 11, and Pers.). 

 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists (according to 

 Josselyn) couch-grass was carried to New England, and H. lanatus has been observed by myself 

 sparingly naturalized in the environs of Salem. 



"956 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Agapetus II. succeeded by Joannes XIII., sixty- 

 sixth archbishop. 



"957, Oct. 1st" (Nicol. p. 356), Edwyn succeeded by Edgar, twelfth Anglo-Saxon king of Eng- 

 land. Dunstan in this year made bishop of Worcester (Cockayne iii. 435). 



"959 A. D." (Blair), in England, the power of the monks very high. Dunstan and Ethelwold, 

 with king Edgar, expelling the secular and married clergy from the great ecclesiastical foundations 

 and substituting Benedictines (Cockayne iii. p. 406). 



"Nov. 15" (Sm. b. d.), Constantinus VII. Porphyrogenitus succeeded by his son Romanus, 

 thirty-seventh Byzantine emperor. 



"960 A. D. = ' kian-loung,' 1st year of Tai-tsou III.," head of the new dynasty of the Soung 

 (Chinese chron. table). A decree was issued or renewed by Tai-tsou III., making the emperor's 

 signature indispensable to the execution of death-sentences — (Pauth. p. 337). 



Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Siva Swasa reigning 

 in Hindustan. 



"961 A. D." (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), Crete recaptured from the Muslims by Nicephorus Phocas. 

 " In this year (= 350 A. H.," Elph. v. 2), Abdulmelek succeeded by Mansur, now sixth Samani 

 king of Bactria. Alptegin, having given his vote against Mansur, deprived of the government of 

 Khorasan, but with a body of adherents found safety at Ghazni in the heart of the mountains of Soli- 

 man. The position, near the Indus, is important, as — subsequently the point of departure of Mus- 

 lim invasions of Hindustan. 



"963 A. D." (Alst., and Sm. b. d.), Romanus succeeded by Nicephorus Phocas, now Nicephorus 

 II., thirty-eighth Byzantine emperor. Writings by the emperor Nicephorus Phocas are extant. 



About this time (tradit., and Colebrooke as. res. viii. 467), Govindanat'ha, " instructor of Sancara," 

 expounding the Vedas. 



"964 A. D. = 2d year of the 'kian-te' of Tai-tsou III." (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 

 Sixty-first cycle. 



"The same year" (Blair), Italy conquered and united with Germany by king Otto or Otho ; 

 who now assumed the title of "emperor." And deposing Joannes XIII., Leo VIII. was elected 

 sixty-seventh archbishop. 



"965 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo VIII. succeeded by Benedictus V., sixty-eighth 



archbishop. 



"966 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus V. succeeded by Joannes XIV., sixty- 

 ninth archbishop. 



"967 A. D." (Blair), the city of Antioch recovered from the Muslims by Nicephorus II. Phocas. 



One hundred and fifty-eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 967, onward mostly beyond youth : the 

 Jewish writers, Joseph Ibn Santas : the Arab writers, Ebn Samhun, Caboudi, Harib, Ibn al-Gezzar, 

 Temimi, S aim an a : the Greek writers Suidas d. about 974, Symeon Magister d. after 975, Leo diaco- 

 nus d. about 987 : Abbo, the historian Armoin : the naturalist Alfredus. 



