OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 657 



of Edrisi, Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar: the bitter variety was already cultivated "in Sicily in 100- " 

 and was observed by the Crusaders in Palestine (A. Dec.) ; both the sweet and bitter varieties were 

 observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt ; by Chaubard, in Greece; and are known to be abun- 

 dantly cultivated throughout the Mediterranean countries. Farther South, C. aurantium was observed 

 by Forskal under cultivation among the mountains of Yemen ; but the fruit seen by Barthema in 

 Yemen may have been imported from Egypt, as at the present day at Mocha : the oranges seen by 

 Vasco de Gama in 1498 in Eastern Equatorial Africa were probably the same cultivated at present 

 on Zanzibar, lemon-coloured and more acid than usual. Banians here being prohibited from eating 

 oranges, the fact may help to explain the non-cultivation of C. aurantium in Hindustan, where I found 

 only the imported fruit from Zanzibar. Farther East, C. aurantium is enumerated by Mason v. p. 452 

 as " exotic " in Burmah and called " lieng-mau," its fruit " quite abundant " but of inferior quality ; is 

 probably the species with petioles almost always winged and fruit " acido-dulcis " observed by Lou- 

 reiro " culta incultaque" in Cochinchina and China, for C. aurantium I was assured by Mr. Williams 

 grows wild in Southern China : throughout the Malayan archipelago, was observed by myself only 

 at Manila, a small quantity of the fruit in market, clearly the species described by Blanco as having 

 the flesh adhering to the rind and pleasantly acid. By European colonists, was carried to Madeira, 

 where it was observed by Cadamosto in 1454 ; to the West Indies, where it became naturalized in the 

 lifetime of Oviedo, and has extended throughout Florida; to Brazil, where I met with both the bitter 

 and sweet varieties ; and to the Taheitian, Hawaiian, Samoan, and Feejeean groups, the sweet variety 

 only as verified by myself. (See C. Sinensis.) 



In this year (= 925 -f " 50 years reign " of the Mahavams. LX.), Mahaloo Wijayaba succeeded 

 by Wickramabahoo, now king of Ceylon. 



11 In this year (= 365 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Alptegin succeeded by his son Isakh ; who, pro- 

 ceeding with Sebektegin to Bokhara, was appointed by Mansur governor of Ghazni, and Sebektegin 

 his deputy. 



"976 A. D. = ' tai-ping-hing-koue,' 1st year of Tai-tsoung III., of the Soung" or Twenty-first 

 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



Hunahpu, third king of Guatemala, may have been at this time reigning — (art de verif. contin.). 



Tfieobroma cacao of Eastern Equatorial America. The chocolate tree wild in the forest along the 

 Oronoco and Amazons, and the use of its nuts discovered in the reign of Hunahpu* — (art de verif. 

 contin.) : under the Mexican emperors the " cacari " was much cultivated and " chocolatl " made from 

 its nuts, which were used besides for money (Hernand. iii. 46, and Humb. iv. 10) : on the coast of 

 Honduras, nuts in the hands of natives in a canoe were found by Columbus to be highly prized 

 (F. Columb. 89). The living tree, described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng ), was quickly introduced 

 by the colonists into the West Indies, where it was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 160, and Catesby iii. 

 pi. 6 : by Pedro Bravo de Lagunas, was carried in 1670 from Acapulco to the Philippines, a single 

 stock from which most of the trees now so abundant have been derived (Blanco) ; thence to Burmah 

 (Mason) ; to Hindustan (Wight, and Graham), where according to Drury it " has been long intro- 

 duced." 



Vanilla aromatica of Central America. A climbing Orchideous epiphyte called in Mexican 

 " tlilxochitl " ( ), and its product vanilla used perhaps from the beginning in making choco- 



late : — "vinelloes" with which chocolate is perfumed, were seen by Dampier on the coast of Hon- 

 duras. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, observed there by Catesby iii pi. 7, 

 and Swartz ; to Burmah (Mason) ; to Egypt, where according to Clot-Bey it is successfully cultivated. 

 Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet, and is termed "v. mexicana" by Miller (Steud.). 



" The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), at Venice, the church of San Marco injured or destroyed 

 by fire. — The walls of the present edifice were completed " in 1043;" and the building consecrated 

 "in 1085 ; " but '-the decorations of the round hills, with Gothic flowers," and "the finials of the taber- 

 nacle," were added in the " Fourteenth century." 



"In or about this year (= 366 A. H. comm. Aug. 29th," Gildem.), Ebn Haukal writing his 

 geographical work. He mentions Heathen tribes continuing in Sind ; Bodhites, the Mund a pastoral 



* Gossyfiium Jatnaicense, G. pnrptirascens, and G. oligospermum of the West Indies and neigh- 

 bouring portion of Tropical America. The use of cotton for spinning and weaving also discovered in 

 the reign of Hunahpu — (art de verif. contin.) : Columbus landing on Cuba found cotton spun and 

 woven by the natives, from plants that " are not set, but grow naturally about the fields like roses " 

 (F. Columb. 28 to 47) ; the wild cotton of Hayti is described by Oviedo as very abundant, forming an 

 article of export to Spain ; cotton growing wild in Northern Mexico is mentioned by Vasquez (Sloane ii. 

 69) ; and the above three species were observed by Macfadyen i. 72 wild on Jamaica and not culti- 

 vated (A. Dec). 



83 



