658 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



tribe, and the Hindu people called Zuth. The Muslims now having mosques throughout Guzerat as 

 far as Cambay ; a Muslim prefect, appointed over them by Balhara ; and at Cambay, Camuhul, Sindan 

 and Saimur, Muslim courts of justice. 



"977 A. D." (Blair), the Bohemians subdued by the emperor Otho II. 



" In this year (= 367 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Isakh succeeded by Sebektegin, now third sultan 

 of Ghazni. He was attacked by Jeipal Hindu king of Lahore, —who was twice defeated at Laghman, 

 and the Ghazni dominions were extended to the main river Indus at Peshawer. Hamid Khan Lodi, 

 Muslim ruler of Laghman and Multan, tending his submission (Elph. v. 3). 



"978, March 18th " (Nicol ), Edward II. succeeded by Ethelred II., fourteenth Anglo-Saxon king 

 of England. 



About this time (" 960 to 1000 " Krapf trav ), Keelwah on the coast of East Africa founded by 

 Arabs. 



Eltamimi at this time writing. — He died in 9S0 (= "370 Hej " of Ebn Abi Osaib., Soyout, and 

 Sonth.). 



Cheiranthus cluiri of the cliffs of the Mediterranean. The " khiri " of Eltamimi i. p. 443, — Elga- 

 faki, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Stapel and others : C. cheiri was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, on rocks and walls in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, 

 is known to grow on walls in Spain (Pers.) ; and according to Prior, was "introduced from Spain" 

 into England "as a ' wall stock-gillofer,' which became successively wall gillijloiver and wall-flozverj" 

 is described by Brunswyck (Spreng. ), Dodoens, and Gerarde ; is termed "leucoium luteum vulgare " 

 by Tournefort inst. 221 ; and in journeying through Europe, was observed by myself chiefly abound- 

 ing in England, and clearly a genuine cliff plant that originated in some country containing mural 

 precipices. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be cul- 

 tivated for ornament; and to Hindustan, where it was observed by Graham "in gardens." around 

 Bombay. 



balanites Aegyptiaca of the Southern border of the Sahara from the Atlantic to Hindustan. The 

 "zakkum el achar" described by Eltamimi as a tree growing in ravines of the mountains of Persia 

 and supposed there to be the myrobalanus chebula, transported into Syria and cultivated, the nuts 

 yielding an oil of wonderful properties, — and by Ebn Baitar as a thorny tree, may be compared: 

 B. Aegyptiaca was observed by Alpinus p. 20 and 205 in a garden at Cairo, a single tree described by 

 Vesling as " myrobalanus el-chabul," named to Delile " sagar el-kably," but which according to Figari, 

 and Lloyd, has since disappeared. Farther up the Nile, was observed by Delile at Siout ; by Vansleb 

 at Esneh ; by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 217, in Upper Nubia; by Cailliaud, from Sennaar to Fazoglo ; 

 and Westward, by Lippi in the < i.isis El-wah, and bv Adanson fam. plant, ii. p. 508 in Senegal. East- 

 ward, the trees seen by Browne within the city of Cobbe in Dar Fur came from Arabia, and the 

 "haledj" of Southern Arabia is described by Forskal p. xcvi. and 197 as having sweet edible fruit, the 

 wood tough and hard, much used for household utensils : B. Aegyptiaca is known to grow also in 

 the more arid portion of Hindustan, in Goozerat, the " Deccan plains and Candesh,'' being "one of 

 the few trees which flourishes on black soil," and is called "hingenbet" (Rnxb., Royle, Gibs., and 

 Graham). By European colonists, probably through the medium of transported negroes, was carried 

 to the West Indies, where trees were seen by Poiteau on Hayli. 



Colchicum Illyricum of . . Called in Persian " us-abai-hoormuz" (Irvine mat. med. patn., and 



J. F. Wats, index), in which we recognize the "asabia Hermes" identified by Ebn Baitar with the 

 " schanbalid " of the Persians and Eltamimi : — C. Illyricum is . . . 



"979 A. D." (= 927 -\- cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Xiutzatlzin, Toltec queen of 

 Mexico. 



Opuntia ficus-Indica of the West Indies. The large prickly-pear or "tunas" known there from 

 early times,* — mentioned by Uviedo nat. hist. 80 and gen. hist. viii. pi. 25, together with the peculiar 



* Comocladia dentata of the West Indies. A Terebinthoid tree called on Cuba and Hayti 

 "guao" (Lindl.) ; and from early times, death believed to be the penalty for sleeping in its shade : — 

 observed by Jacquin am. xiii. pi. 173 in the West Indies, its milky juice on exposure turning black, and 

 indelibly staining linen or the skin (Lindl). 



Chrysobalainis icaco of the wooded shores of Tropical America. The coco-plum or " hicacos " 

 long known in the West Indies ; — observed there by Oviedo gen. hist. viii. 9, Plumier pi. 158, 

 P. Browne, Catesby, and Jacquin am. pi. 94, by Marcgraf as far as Brazil ; known to grow also along 

 the seashore on the Pacific side of the Isthmus (Benth. bot. Sulph.). From being maritime may have 

 reached the African shore without human intervention, but was probably carried there on account of 

 its edible fruit, and occurs naturalized only from Senegal to the mouth of the Congo, is called by the 

 French "prune d'AmeYique " (Perrottet fl. Sen., and A. Dec). By European colonists has recently 

 been introduced into Hindustan (Graham). 



