664 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"The same year" (Blair), the succession to the German empire made elective by Otto III. 



"The same year" (art de verif.), Aziz succeeded by Hakem of the Fatimite dynasty, third sultan 

 of Egypt. A gold coin issued by Hakem is figured in Marcel 104. 



" In this year " (= 975 -f " 21 years reign " of Mahavams. lxiii.), Wicramabahoo succeeded by 

 his son Parackramabahoo, now king of Ceylon. 



"997 A. D. (= 387 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Noah or Noh succeeded by Mansur II., eighth 

 Samani king of Bactria. 



"Within a month" (Ferisht., and Elph.), death of Sebektegin, ally and friend of Noah. After 

 contests for " seven months," Mahmud obtained the government of Ghazni. 



"998 A. D. = 'hian-ping,' 1st year of Tohin-tsoung, of the Soung " or Twenty-first dynasty 

 (Chinese chron. table). Reprinting of the ancient books for distribution throughout the Empire, was 

 ordered by the emperor Tchin-tsoung — (Pauth.). 



"999 A. D." (Alst , and Nicol.), at Rome, Gregorius V. succeeded by Gerbert, under the name 

 of Sylvester II. seventy-seventh archbishop. Gerbert was one of the first among Europeans to direct 

 attention to the writings of the Arabs. 



" In this year (= 389 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Mansur II. dethroned and blinded at Bokhara, 

 through intrigues at court. Mahmud of Ghazni now ordered the name Samani to be left out of the 

 public prayers, declared himself an independent sovereign, and receiving investiture from the khalif 

 assumed the title of " sultan " (an old Arabic word for king). 



" 1000 A. D." (Alst. p. 216), in Hungary, Stephanus ruling as duke, made king. Regarded by 

 Hungarians as the beginning of the Third dynasty. 



"The same year" (Nicol.), Garcia III. succeeded by Sancho III. the Great, as king of Spain. 



"The same year" (Ram, Major gives " 1001 "), from Greenland sailing Westward in search of 

 the land seen by Bjarne fourteen years previously, Leif son of Erikus Rufus reached the described flat 

 land covered with trees, and named it " Markland" (i. e. Woodland). He thence continued on a day 

 and night with the wind Northeast, to an island near the coast (Anticosti ?). Here or in the neigh- 

 bourhood, he wintered and called the country Vinland;* finding abundance of salmon, and cutting 

 down trees to load his vessel. The days and nights were more equal than in Greenland, the shortest 

 day consisting of eight hours (as understood by Thormodus Torfsus, and Wormkiold, placing the 

 locality "in N. Lat. 49°")- 



" In this year = 927 an. jav." (Madura trad., Nita Kasum., and Raffles x.), death of Panji, and 

 accession of Maisa Lalean as king of Java. Abandoning Jang'gala, Maisa Lalean established his seat 

 of government at Koripan. 



His brother Chamara Gading sailing with a party established himself on Celebes ; and is sup- 

 posed to be identical with Sawira Gading, the first prince of whom the Bugis accounts make 

 mention. 



One hundred and fifty-ninth generation. Jan. 1st, rooi, onward mostly beyond youth : the Per- 

 sian poet Ferdusi : the Arab writers, Ebn Jounis (Pauth. 313), Al Biruni (d. after 1038) : the Greek 

 writer Leo grammaticus d. about 1013: Fulbertus, Burchardus, Berno Augiensis; Aimoin of Fleurv. 



" In this year (== 391 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph ), third Muslim invasion of Hindustan. " Nov. 

 27th," Jeipal of Lahore defeated near Peshawer and taken prisoner by Sultan Mahmud : who continued 

 his march across the Panjab to Batinda, which he captured and plundered, and returned with the spoils 

 to Ghazni. 



" 1002 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol. ), Otto III., after an interregnum of "four months," succeeded by 

 Henricus II. Claudus, fourth emperor of Germany and Italy. 



" Nov. 13th, Sunday" (Blair), general massacre of the Danes in England. 



"The same year" (Rafn), sailing from Greenland Westward, Thorwald brother of Leif reached 

 the wintering-place in Vinland (mouth of the St Lawrence). — The following summer, in proceeding 

 " occidentale terrae latus circumire, around the West side of the land," Thorwald found the sea " valde 

 insulosum," full of islands (the Mingan Isles) ; and on an island far Westward, met with a "wooden 



* litis cordifolia of Northeast America. The winter grape probably the species found in the 

 new country by Tyrker, a German companion of Leif ; — Adamus Bremensis some seventy years later 

 speaks of a country " by the Danes " called " Winland, eo quod ibi vites sponte nascantur " (grapes 

 growing spontaneously being unknown in Europe) : a large island below Quebec was named by Jacques 

 Cartier •' Bacchus Island" from abounding in wild grapes (Forst. discov North), fruit of V. cordifolia 

 was observed by myself in the Quebec market, but beyond this island I could not find any Vitis on the 

 Lower St. Lawrence, nor in New Brunswick, nor even in Nova Scotia. V. cordifolia was observed by- 

 Beck near Castleton, Vermont ; by myself, along the Pemigewasset as far South as 43° 40', and planted 

 near a dwelling on the Androscoggin ; was received by Hooker from Lake Winnipeg Lat. 52. 



