OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 665 



kornhjalmr" (corn-shed ? for maize), but saw no other signs of inhabitants, nor of wild beasts. The 

 next summer, 1004 A. D., he followed the Eastern shore and passed over to the land in the North, 

 where, seeing three canoes, each containing three persons, he captured two of them and killed those 

 on board {Iroquois ?). He was attacked soon afterwards by the natives in a large number of canoes, 

 and mortally wounded with an arrow. 



The civilization of the Aymaras,* around the Southern extreme of Lake Titicaca, more ancient 

 than the time of the Incas. They divided their year into " ten months " — (Ciez.) : and their language, 

 still in use, differs from the Ouichua though having the same grammatical construction. The gospel 

 of St. Luke was translated into Aymara and published by Pasoscanki, a native ; and an Aymara 

 grammar by P. Ludovico Bertonio "was published at Rome in 1608" (Markh. edit. p. xxxvi). 



By the Peruvians, two quadrupeds reduced to the domestic state : the lama (Auchenia) for a 

 beast of burden, and the Guinea-pig (Cavia) ; also one bird, Anas moschata. 



The rats called "ucucha" abounding from early times at Panama and in the coast towns of Peru — 

 (G. de la Vega ix. 22) doubtless the black rat, Mus rattus. This species, introduced by returning 

 ships, had become naturalized in Europe and is described by Gesner, but is regarded by Linnaeus, 

 and Pallas, as an American animal; and by Bartram, and Bachman, as indigenous in Northeast 

 America, occurring not only in the settlements, but among " the rocks of the Blue mountains remote 

 from all human dwellings" (Kalm trav. ii. 47). 



"In this year" (Wilford as. res. ix. 157, and Elph.), suicide of Chaitra-pala or Gepal or Jeipal, 

 unsuccessful in battle against the Muslims under sultan Mahmud. He was succeeded by his son 

 Mahendra-pala or Anang Pal, now tributary Hindu king at Lahore. — The raja of Batia, on the 

 Southern side of Multan, refusing to pay his share of the tribute, was defeated by sultan Mahmud, 

 and also committed suicide. 



" 1003 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sylvester II. succeeded Joannes XVIII. ; and before 

 the close of the year, by a cardinal, now Joannes XIX. seventy-ninth archbishop. 



" The same year " (Kufic inscript., and Wilk. theb. and eg. 299 and 547), building at Cairo of 

 the mosque of Hakem ; the arches all pointed. In a Kufic inscription over the door, Hakem is 

 "treated as a prophet: " besides persecuting Christians, he founded a new religion; — being the 

 Druse prophet of the sect so-named, now confined to Lebanon. 



"1004 A. D. (— 395 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Abul Fatteh Lodi, Muslim ruler of Multan, 

 havino- revolted and in alliance with Anang Pal and mountain tribes raised an army, defeated near 

 Peshawer by sultan Mahmud. Multan was soon besieged, but after "seven days" its submission 

 was accepted by Mahmud, called away by news of a Tartar invasion. 



" In this year " (quart, rev. for 1870), JEltric appointed abbot of Peterborough, — and in " 1023," 

 archbishop of York. 



Scirpus maritimus of the seashore and Interior salines of Temperate Climates. Called in 

 Britain spurt-^rass, and made into Spy rT&.n baskets, employed as appears from ^Elfric coll. for 

 catchhif fish — (Prior) : S. maritimus is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 495 (Spreng.), and Tournefort 

 inst. 527 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow 

 alono- the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Sweden, also in wet places more or less saline in 

 the Interior (fl. Dan., Lam. fl. fr., Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople ; by Forskal, in Egypt and called 

 "depsice " (Del ) ; is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.) and in Siberia (Kunth). 

 Farther East, is known to grow along the Pacific shore of North America and throughout Canada 

 (Hook. fl. bor. ii. p. 230) ; was observed by Baldwin along the Lower Missouri (Torr.) ; is known to 

 grow at the Salina salt-springs in New York (A. Gray) ; and on the Atlantic seashore from Lat. 43 

 to Florida (Mx., Pursh, Muhl., Ell., and Chapm.). In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow 

 from Senegamb'ia (Kunth) to Austral Africa (E. Mey.), Australia (R. Brown), and New Zealand 

 (Raoul). By European colonists, may have been carried with the salt manufacture to the Hawaiian 

 Islands, where it was observed by Beechey voy. p. 98. 



Potamo«eton lucens of Northern climates. With other species called in Britain pondweed or 

 greeds, and the Anglo-Saxon g r 2.6 6 translated U L Vk in ^lfric's glossary — is referred to this tribe 

 by Prior- P lucens is termed "p. foliis latis splendentibus " by Tournefort inst. 233 ; was observed 

 by Desfontaines in Barbary; and is known to grow on the Azores (Wats., and A. Dec), and 



* Buddleia coriacea of the country around Lake Titicaca. A stunted crooked tree called " ccolli " 

 (Markh.), and known from early times : — observed by Markh am p. xxxv one of the two trees " few 

 and far between " on the bleak Collao table-land containing Lake Titicaca. 



Baccharis sp. of the country around Lake Titicaca. A low shrub, from early times furnishing 

 f ue l : —observed by Markham "in some places on the Collao table-land." 



84 



