666 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats.). 

 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Farther East, was 

 observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54° in central North America ;_ and by myself 

 along the Atlantic as far South as Lat. 42° _ 



" 1005 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod in Brandeburg. Against "unlawful marriages, selling Chris- 

 tians to the Gentiles, and violating the laws of justice." 



" In or about this year " (Blair), a new style of architecture in rebuilding old churches. 



" 1006 A. D." (Blair), pestilence. Extending over all Europe, — and continuing "three" years. 



" 1007 A. D." (Rafn ant. am.), from Greenland with three ships and carrying cattle, Thorfinn 

 Karlsefni reached the wintering-place in Vinland. Where were "hvalir reythr " (fin-back -whales. 

 Physalus, observed by myself in the Lower St. Lawrence, in deep places approaching the shore 

 regardless of spectators). — After the first winter, the natives came in numbers, though frightened 

 " by the voice of the bull," bringing for traffic skins of " martium " or sables, and various other kinds 

 of furs. A battle with the natives ensued in the second winter ; and at the end of "three" years, 

 finding the place constantly exposed to attacks, Karlsefni abandoned the country and returned to 

 Greenland. 



Triticum (Agropyntm) repens of America ? Called in Britain quitch grass in Anglo-Saxon 

 "cwice" from "cwic" vivacious (Prior), by Lobel "quych gras " (....), in Greece "aira" (Sibth., 

 compare Lolium), in Mongol " kia " (Klapr.) : the " agros triticeos sponte satos " seen by Karlsefni 

 on an excursion Southward* — (Rafn), or "champs de hie" sauuiage " the spike like rye and seed 

 like oats seen by Jacques Cartier on Bryon Island and around Chaleur Bay, may be compared : 

 A. repens has been observed by myself abounding and to all appearance indigenous along the salt 

 marshes of Eastern New England, and clearly indigenous as found by Oakes on the Subalpine por- 

 tion of the White mountains in 1S26 ; but in general occurs as a troublesome weed throughout our 

 Northern and Middle States, sometimes regularly cultivated for feeding cattle. Westward, this or 

 an allied species was observed by myself filling much of the unwooded country of Interior Oregon : 

 A. repens according to Klaproth mem. i. 9 gave its name to the Siberian town and stream of Kiakhta 

 or Kiaktou, abounding there and affording excellent feed for cattle ; was observed by Forskal, Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus, frequent along roadsides and in 

 cultivated ground. Farther West, figures in Matthioli 999, and Dodoens 345, are referred by Lobel 

 to the "quych gras;" A. repens is distinctly described by C. Bauhin pin. 1 (Willd.) ; is termed 

 "gramen loliaceum radice repente sive gramen officinarum" by Tournefort hist. 516; is known to 

 occur in waste and cultivated ground from Algeria and the Canary Islands throughout middle and 

 Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Munby, Webb, and Wats ); and was observed by Hooker 

 on Iceland. In Austral America, was observed by myself at the mouth of the Rio Negro in Pata- 

 gonia, and clearly indigenous in Terra del Fuego ; is known to grow also on the Falkland Islands 

 (Brogn. 1st voy. Astrol. 56, and J. L>. Hook.) ; but seems unknown in other parts of the Southern 

 Hemisphere (A. Dec). 



"In this year (= 4th of the 'king-t£' of the Soung dynasty," hist. Cor., and Klapr. note to 

 geogr. Chin.), near Tan-lo or Quelpaerts Island, by a submarine volcanic eruption a new mountain 

 raised out of the sea, more than a thousand feet in height. 



* Elymus I'irgiiiicus of Northeast America. Sometimes called wild rye (A. Gray) ; and possi- 

 bly the grass in question : — " some eares of wheate," also " barly " (Hordeum jubatum) , and " rie 

 growing there wilde," were seen by vi.sitors to St. Luke's Bay in Nova Scotia in 1623 : E. Virginicus 

 has been observed by myself from Lat. 45 at Mount Desert to our Afiddle States, often in little beds 

 along the seashore ; by Elliott, at Sister's ferry on the Savannah river ; bv N. A. Ware, and Chap- 

 man, as far as Florida; by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, along the Red river. From trans- 

 ported specimens, is described by Linnaus. 



Betula papyracea of Northeast America. The canoe birch, a large tree, doubtless furnished the 

 brooms of " mausur ',' wood brought by Karlsefni from Vinland : — Jacques Cartier entering the Straits 

 of Belleisle met with natives in birch-bark canoes who had come from the Southward ; and in the 

 days of Gookin coll. 3, such canoes were occasionally seen as fir South as Massachusetts Bay, sewed 

 "with a kind of bark, and then smearing the places with turpentine ;" water-buckets were also "of 

 birch barks, artificially doubled up, that it hath four corners and a handle in the midst," and "several 

 sorts of baskets great and small . " B. papyracea was observed by Lapilaye from Lat. 51° in New- 

 foundland ; by myself, frequent on the Lower St. Lawrence and in New Brunswick and the neigh- 

 bouring portion of New England, but ceasing along the Atlantic in about 42 , and a little farther 

 South on the mountains ; westward, is known to grow as far as Wisconsin (A. Gray) and Lake Win- 

 nipeg (Long's exp. ii. 81), was observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54°, and nearly to 

 the Rocky mountains. 



