OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 667 



" 1008, in the spring (= 399 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), fourth Muslim invasion of Hindustan. 

 Anang Pal of Lahore and the assembled forces of Gwalior, Ujen, Ajmir, Calinjer, Canouj, and Delhi, 

 defeated near Peshawer by sultan Mahmud : who continued his march to the Eastern portion of the 

 Panjab, plundered the fortified temple of Nagarcot on the lower portion of the Himalayas, and with 

 immense booty returned to Ghazni. 



" From this year" (G. de Tassy i. 519), Gwalior in the province of Agra — governed by rajas or 

 princes. 



" In this year" (C. Mackenzie as. res. ix. 270), birth of Ramanuja, reformer of the Saiva doc- 

 trine and "the famous author of the Sri-bhashya." — He is invoked in a Jain inscription at Belligola 

 dated in ''A. D. 1367." 



" 1009 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome Joannes XIX. succeeded by Sergius IV., eightieth 

 archbishop. 



In manuscripts of this date (De Wailly vi. 3), capital letters used for beginning sentences. 



" 101 1 A. D." (Elph.), fifth Muslim invasion of Hindustan. Crossing the Indus, Mahmud pro- 

 ceeded nearly as far as the waters of the Ganges, captured and plundered the temple and town of 

 Tanesar, and returned with a multitude of captives to Ghazni before the Hindu princes could assem- 

 ble to oppose him. 



In this year (= 996 -\- " 16th year of his reign," Mahavams. Ixxv to Ixxvii), a commotion 

 in and about Matura subdued by king Parackramabahoo. — Pursuing the dhamila forces of king 

 Kulesekara Pandya he conquered Soly or Coromandel, and returning to Ceylon, assembled a Budhist 

 council under the great priest Causypa or Kaxapa. 



" 1012 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sergius IV. succeeded by Benedictus VIII., eighty- 

 first archbishop. 



"The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Itsi-dsio succeeded by Sandusio or San-zio, 

 second son of Ren-sei, and now sixty-seventh dairo of Japan. 



" 1013 A. D." (Blair, and Nicol.), Ethelred II. abdicating, his brother Swegn or Sueno II. king 

 of Denmark proclaimed king of England. The Danes in this manner gaining possession of Eng- 

 land. 



"The same year" (Pauth. 337), by census in China, the number of persons engaged in agri- 

 culture ascertained to be " 21,976,965 ; not including women, youths under twenty, magistrates, 

 literati, eunuchs, the military, bonzes, nor mariners." 



" 1014, Feb. 3d" (Nicol.), death of Sueno II., and election by the fleet of his son Cnut or Canute 

 II. as king of England. The throne was however resumed by Ethelred II. 



" 1016, April 23d" (Nicol.), Ethelred II. succeeded by Edmund II. Ironsides, fifteenth Anglo- 

 Saxon king of England ; and "Nov. 30th," by Canute II. ; who besides inherited and extended his 

 dominion over Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. 



"1017 A. D. (=408 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), sixth Muslim invasion of Hindustan. With a 

 large army Mahmud of Ghazni kept near the mountains until he had crossed the Jamna affluent of 

 the Ganges, when turning South he reached the great city of Canouj so unexpectedly that the Hindu 

 king could make no resistance, and gave himself up. The city was spared, and the king restored ; 

 but on his way back, Mahmud plundered Mattra, Munj, and other places. 



" In this year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Sandusio succeeded by Itsi-dsio II. or Go-itsi-dsio, 

 younger son of Itsi-dsio I., and now at the age of nine dairo of Japan. 



" 1018 A. D." (Blair), first entrance of a body of Normans into Italy. 



" 102 1 A. D." (art de verif.), Hakem succeeded by Daher of the Fatimite dynasty, fourth sultan 

 of Egypt. A gold coin issued at Cairo by Daher, is figured in Marcel 105. 



The same year (= "5th year of Itsi-dsio II.," art de verif.), permission granted to Sai-sin, a 

 Japanese noble, to ride in a "khuruma" or covered chariot drawn by bullocks : the invention was 

 soon adopted by all the court. 



"In or about this year" (= 1062 — "30 to 40 years reign," G. de la Vega, Girolamo Benzoni 

 f. 167 addit. art de verif., and Tschudi trav.), the city of Cuzco founded by the first Inca Manco 

 Capac, who came with his companions from an island in Lake Titicaca. Bringing "the arts of 

 government and society," Manco Capac peacefully acquired influence over the surrounding 

 population, for " eight leagues " West, " nine " South, and Eastward as far as the river Paucar- 

 tampu. The site of the city on the ridge of the Andes, and the plan, manifest ambition : a central 

 intersection of streets 'leading North, South, East, and West by continuous roads to the bounds of 



the dominion. 



At Cuzco on the hill Colcampata, Manco Capac built a palace. —subsequently occupied by 

 Paullu son of Huayna Capac, and "the ruins " of which according to Markham p. 224 "are still very 



perfect." 



The Inca policy, on conquering a country, was To extend the limits of cultivable soil by means 



