668 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



of channels of irrigation ; so that larger crops of maize, "papas" {potatoes), and other esculents,* 

 could be raised — (G. de la Vega v. i). 



"1022 A. D." (Nicol.), by a synod at Orleans, "thirteen Manichaeans " condemned to be 

 burned. 



" The same year" (Blair), music of a new kind, "under six notes," invented by Aretinus (Guy 

 d'Arezzo). 



"At the time the first Incas were founding the city of Cuzco " (Ciez. lxxiv), incursion of the 

 Yuncas of the Chincha valley Eastward into the mountains. They are said to have done "much 

 mischief in Soras and Lucanas " and to have advanced as far as the Collao table-land, returning with 

 " great spoils." — But were conquered in the time of Tupac Yupanqui. 



The use of guano as manure in Lower Peru from Arequipa to Tarapaca known from early times. 

 The sea-birds producing it on islets along the coast — protected by laws issued by the Incas (Ciez. 

 lxxv, and Garc. de la Vega ii. 5. 3). Frezier 152 in 1713 found guano exported from Iquique and 

 other places along the coast to Arica and Ilo. 



Gen. Cuairbitai. of Western Peru. The "pepino" cultivated in the Chincha valley as early 

 probably as this date : \ — described bv Cieza de Leon lxvi to lxxiv as " one of the most singular fruits 

 I ever saw," fragrant, "not like those of Spain although they bear some resemblance," "yellow when 

 the peel is taken off, and so delicious that it is necessary to eat many: " by Tschudi 192, as grown 

 in great abundance, creeping on the ground, its fruit cylindrical, four to five inches long and some- 

 what pointed at both ends, the husk yellowish-green with long rose-coloured stripes, the edible part 

 solid juicy and well-flavoured but very indigestible. " Momordica pedata" observed by Feuille'e i. pi. 

 41 in Peru, the fruit striate (Pers.), may be compared. Transported to the Mediterranean, " M. 

 pedata " was seen by Delile in gardens at Cairo. 



'• In this year (= 413 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), on his way to assist the Hindu king of Canouj, 

 Mahmud opposed by Jeipal II. of Lahore. The city and territory were now annexed to Ghazni, and 

 a permanent Muslim garrison for the first time established East of the Indus. 



"1023 A. D. = ' thian-ching,' 1st year of Jin-tsoung, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — 

 (Chinese chron. table). 



" The same year " (art de verif.), the " jeki " or plague committing great ravages in Japan. 



* Oxalis tnberosa of Chili. A species of wood-sorrel having potato-like roots, and called in 

 Chilian "oca" (Molin.), in the Collao "apilla" (Markh.) ; in which we recognize the "ocas," one 

 of the esculents in question — according to G. d'e la Vega v. 1 : O. tuberosa was observed also by 

 Markham edit. ii. p. 359 under cultivation in the cold region of the Collao. Farther South, is regarded 

 by Molina iii. 24 as properly a Chilian plant. 



Oxalis crenata of the Peruvian Andes. An allied species, perhaps the "anus" in question, 

 having a root differing in taste and which can only be eaten cooked — (G. de la Vega v. 1) : O. 

 crenata was observed by Feuille'e iii. pi. 24, Molina 109, and Humboldt iv. 9, under cultivation on the 

 Peruvian Andes ; by myself, near the extreme limit on the Western slope, planted in small patches, 

 often alternating with those of the potato. 



Ckenopodium quinoa of the Bogotan ? Andes. A species of goosefoot bearing esculent seeds, 

 one of the crops in question ; its seeds used also by the natives to make a beverage like that from 

 maize, its flower employed medicinally, and its tender and wholesome leaves eaten — (G. de la Yeg. 

 v. 1 to viii. 9) : C. quinoa was observed by Feuille'e med. pi. io, Molina 101 (A. Dec). Tschudi under 

 cultivation on the Andes, according to Humboldt iv. 9 from Chili to Bogota ; and seeds brought by 

 Couthouy from Quito have been shown me. Transported to Europe, has been successfully cultivated 

 in Germany (Markh. edit. ii. p. 357). 



t Baccharis scandens of Lower Peru. Called there " chilca " (Markh.), and giving its name to 

 the village of Chilca — (South of Lima) : the Inca Huascar, when taken prisoner by the forces of 

 Atahualpa, was insulted by the offer of " chillca " leaves instead of coca (Salcam. edit. Markh. 118) : 

 the "chilca" shrub is mentioned also by G. de la Vega i. 187 : B. scandens was observed by Ruiz 

 and Pavon in the arid portion of Peru (Pers.) ; by Markham edit. p. 307, thickets on the battle-field 

 near Guamanga. 



Prosopis horrida of the Western valleys facing the Pacific. A large tree called " guaranga " 

 (Markh.), and known from early times : — the " algaroba " was observed by 'Cieza de Leon xxxvi to 

 Ixvii in the mountain-valleys throughout Western Peru, its pods " somewhat long and narrow and 

 not so thick as " those of beans, used in some places, to make bread " and it is considered o od : " P. 

 horrida was observed in Peru by Humboldt and Bonpland (Steud.) ; by Markham p. 239, bearing 

 abundant " clusters of pods, which form excellent food for mules and cattle and for immense'herds of 

 goats," its timber " very hard." 



