OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 669 



" 1024 A. D. = 2d year of the ' thian-ching ' of Jin-tsoung " (Chinese chron. table), beginning 

 of the Sixty-second cycle. 



"The same year" (Alst, and Nicol.), Henricus II. succeeded by Conradus II. Salicus, fifth 

 emperor of Germany and Italy. 



"The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus VIII. succeeded by Joannes XX., 

 eighty-second archbishop. 



" September (= 415 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), leaving Ghazni with an army Mahmud crossed 

 the Indus and reached Multan in October. With " twenty thousand " camels crossing the Desert, 

 he made his appearance before Anhalwara so unexpectedly that the king of Guzerat was constrained 

 to abandon the city. Continuing his march, Mahmud after a great battle captured and plundered the 

 great temple at Somnat, and destroyed the idol. — He remained more than a year in Guzerat, having 

 visions of a fleet, the gems of Ceylon, and gold mines of Pegu, and on leaving set up a new Hindu 

 king. 



" 1025 A. D." (Alst.), Constantinus IX. now sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. 



" 1026 A. D. (= 1083 ann. Vicram.,"Wi]ford as. res. viii. p. 289 and ix. p. 74), the latest of the 

 four mounds or " Meru-sringas " near Benares raised by two sons of Bhupala, king of Gaura.* 



" 1027 A. D." (Kalhana hist. Cash., and H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 260), accession of Samgrama 

 as king of Cashmere. 



Mesue living at Cairo. He had been physician to " Aihaken" or Hakem (Leo Afric. med. arab. 

 273), quotes Avicenna, — and died "in 1028" (Spreng.). 



Zygophyllum coccinenm of the Desert, from Barbary to the border of Siberia. Called in Egypt 

 " rotrsejt " or " kamun karamani," in which we recognize the " cimini carmeni " of Mesue electuar. : — 

 Z. coccineum was observed by Forskal p. 87, and Delile, in the Desert between Cairo and Suez, fre- 

 quent but avoided by all cattle, even by the camel; the aromatic seeds however used medicinally, 

 against colic by the Egyptians. The plant was also observed by Shaw f. 237 in Barbary, and is 

 known to grow on the border of Siberia (Pers.). 



Laserpitium glabrum of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. By the French called 

 "turbith des montagnes" (Fee) ; the "turbith'' of Mesue, — referred by Sprengel to a Thapsia, may 

 be compared: L. glabrum is described by Morison ix. pi. 19; and was observed by Crantz iii. 54, 

 and Jacquin pi. 146 in dry wooded situations on mountains within the Austrian dominions (Pers.). 

 According to Lindley, " the root is gorged with a gum resinous juice, which is acrid, bitter and even 

 somewhat caustic : it is reckoned a violent purgadve." 



Achillea ageratum of Europe. Called in Britain mawdeleyn or maudeline from Magdalen 

 (Prior), in Languedoc " herba divas Maria; " (Lyte ii. 67) : the " eupatorion " of Mesue — is referred 

 here by Andr. Marinus ed. Mes. pi. 59; A. ageratum is described also by Tragus i. pi. 175, Mat- 

 thioli (Spreng.), and Lobel pi. 489; is termed "ageratum" by Bauhin ; is known to grow wild 

 in Southern France (Lam. A. fr., and Pers.); and was observed by Gittard in the Peloponnesus 

 (Chaub.). 



"1028 A. D." (Alst.), Constantinus IX. succeeded by Romanus II., forty-first Byzantine 

 emperor. 



"1029 A. D." (rudim. chron. Lond.), in England, the causeway connecting Peterborough with 

 Ramsey built by Canute II. 



"The same year" (Talvi iii. 1), the Moravian kingdom dissolved; and Moravia proper, in- 

 habited by a Slavonian people, united with Bohemia. 



In this year (996 -f- " after his 33d year," Mahavams. lxxviii.), Parackramabahoo succeeded 

 by his nephew Pandita-wijeya-Chako, now king of Ceylon. — He composed poems in the Pali lan- 

 guage. 



"1030, Apr. 29th (= 421 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), death of Mahmud of Ghazni, the most 

 renowned monarch of his time. " Within five months," he was succeeded by his son Masaud. 



" 1030-2 A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii.), Abul-Ryhan, or Albiruni of Byrun in the valley of the 

 Indus, corresponding with Avicenna — who died "in 1036." 



* Zizyphus oenoplia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A thorny shrub (Graham), called in 

 Bengal " s'ehacul," and brought to W. Jones as the " ghonta " or "gopaphonta" of an ancient San- 

 scrit poet, a tree shaped like the " vadari " (Z. jujuba), growing only in forests and having very small 

 f ru j tj and "ghonta" of the Amara-cosha (as. res. iv. 264): the "ghonta" or "gopaghonta" is men- 

 tioned by Susrutas (Hessl.) : Z. oenoplia was observed by Graham, in "the Concans ; " by Burmann 

 pi. 61 W. Jones, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Ceylon and Bengal, its fruit black and of the size of a 

 pea, eaten by the natives, and the bark of the fresh root in decoction "said to promote the healing 

 of fresh wounds ; " was observed by Mason in Burmah. 



