672 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Sattx Babylonka of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain weeping -willow, in the gardens of Egypt 

 ''safsaf roumy " willow of Constantinople (Del.), by the Arabs of Syria "garb" (Rauw.), in the 

 gardens of Burmah "mo-ma-kha" (Mason) ; and the " ghrb " of Avicenna 279 — is referred here 

 by Sprengel : the willows planted for shade according to Raschid-eddin along roads in China (Yule 

 cath. 260) may also be compared : S. Babylonica was observed by Loureiro ii. 609 in Anam ; by- 

 Mason, "exotic" in Burmah ; by Graham, "in gardens" around Bombay (but no native name is 

 given). Farther West, was observed by Rauwolf pi. 1S3 during his visit to Palestine, and was now 

 first made known to Europeans (Spreng.) ; is termed "s. orientalis flagellis deorsum pulchre pendenti- 

 bus" by Tournefort cor. 41 ; was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in gardens from Cyprus and Con- 

 stantinople to Athens; and has become well known throughout Europe. By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be planted for ornament ; to the island of St. 

 Helena, and thence in one instance to Hindustan (Graham). One sex only being known, the tree 

 has been kept in cultivation by cuttings only, and is therefore regarded by A. Decandolle as perhaps 

 a deviation from its undiscovered normal state. 



Popnlus fastigiata of Central Asia. The "ghurb " of Arab writers — is referred here by Royle 

 himal. 344: P. fastigiata was observed by him on the Himalayan mountains. Westward, is known to 

 have been introduced in the Eighteenth century throughout Europe ; was observed by Chaubard in 

 Greece; is described by Aiton, Poiret, and Duroi ; and its French name "peuplier d'ltalie" and 

 English Lombardy poplar seem derived from resembling the artificially-trimmed poplars of Lombardy. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where trees planted for ornament were 

 frequent within my remembrance, but they did not continue thriving, and one sex only being in the 

 country, are rapidly disappearing ; was also carried to Chili, where I have seen trees in flourishing 

 condition. According to Lindley, the young leafbuds are used medicinally for the same purposes as 

 those of P. nigra. (See Salix Babylonica.) 



Gviiinacienia conopsea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A palmate-rooted orchid 

 called in Germany " kreutzblum," in drug-shops " palma Christi," by the Arabs " bucheiden," and 

 the ■' digiti citrini" distinguished by Avicenna as altogether yellow — is referred here by Fuchsius 

 pi. 712: G. conopsea is described also by Brunfels i. 104, and Lobel obs. 90 (Spreng.) ; is termed 

 "o. palmata minor calcaribus oblongis " by Tournefort inst. 435 ; and is known to grow in meads 

 from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 224, Engl. bot. pi. 10, Vaill. pi. 30, Hall. helv. 

 pi. 29, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 



Orchis maciilatj of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Germany " kreutz- 

 blum," and the " digiti citrini " distinguished by Avicenna as yellow mixed with white — is referred 

 here by Fuchsius pi. 713 : O. maculata is described also by Lobel obs. 90 ; is termed " o. palmata 

 pratensis maculata" by Tournefort inst. 435 ; is known to grow in meads from Denmark throughout 

 middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 933, Engl. bot. pi. 632, Hall. helv. pi. 32, and Pers.) ; was observed by 

 Sibthorp in meads in the Peloponnesus. 



Naiciisns jonqttilta of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain " junquillo " from 

 its slender rush-like stem, in Britain janquill (Prior), in France "jonquille" (Nugent); and the 

 " nesryn " described by Avicenna as a kii^d of narcissus, — by Ebn Alwam i. 334 as growing in Spain 

 and yielding an oil, is referred here by Sprengel : N. jonquilla is known to grow wild in Spain (Pers.), 

 but has been long cultivated as a garden flower: is described by Dodoens ; and was observed by 

 Clot-Bey and Figari in the gardens of Egypt. 



Fritillaria impcrialis of Central Asia. Called in Britain crowit-iwpcrial, in Persia " tusac : ' 

 the "corona regia " is mentioned by Avicenna — (according to Kirsten) : roots of F. imperialis 

 about the middle of the Sixteenth century were brought from Persia to Constantinople, thence some 

 to Vienna and distributed throughout Europe (Clus. rar. ii. r, and Beckm ) : the plant is described 

 also by Dodoens, Lobel, and Tournefort 372. By European colonists was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it continues a favourite garden flower. 



Alectoria Arabian of Hindustan. The best and most fragrant kind of " oschnah," enumerated 

 by Avicenna p. 128 as brought from India, — is referred to this tree lichen by Dillenius pi. S4 f. 10, 

 and Acharius (Spreng.). 



" 1031 A. D." (ISIair), Apulia in Southern Italy conquered from the Greeks by the Normans. 



" The same year " (Alst., and Nicol.), Robert succeeded by his son Henri, as king of France. 



" The same year " (=■ 979 -J- cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Topiltzin, eighth Toltec 

 king of Mexico. 



Bixa Orcllana of Tropical America. The arnotto tree called in the West Indies " bixa " 

 (Ovied.) or " urucu " (Sloane), in Carib by the men " cochehuc " (Desc.) ; and from early times, the 

 red pulp around its seeds used by the Caribs to p. tint themselves ; iu bark used also for cordage, 

 and its wood to procure lire by friction— (Drur.) : observed by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 13 and c. 76, and 

 Sloane ii. pi. 181, in the West Indies, mixed in chocolate by the Spanish colonists ; by myself, under 



