674 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



observed by Catesby ii. pi. Sr, and Jacquin am. 127, in the West Indies ; known to grow also in 

 Honduras, whence its ornamental wood is largely exported. By European colonists, was carried to 

 Burmah, observed " exotic" there by Mason. 



Ionidium ipecacuanha of Eastern Equatorial America. A Violoid plant called in Guayana 

 "itoubu" (Aubl.), and from early times its roots taken as emetic : —observed by Aublet ii. pi. 318 

 in Guayana ; by Vandelli, pi. r, and Martius med. pi. 8, in the Brazilian forest, called " poaya branca " 

 or "poaya da praja," and its roots collected as a substitute for true ipecacuanha (Lindl.). 



Simarnha amara of Guayana. A large tree called in Carib " chipion " (Desc), and known from 

 early times: — "in 1713," the bark of its root was first imported into Europe (Desc), where it con- 

 tinues to be employed medicinally: the living tree was observed by Aublet pi. 331 and 332 in sandy 

 soil in Guayana . and a dioecious tree observed by Macfadyen on the mountains of Jamaica, is 

 regarded by him as not distinct (Lindl.). 



Mucuna pruriens of the West Indies. The cowitch is a twining bean called in Carib "mantia 

 kaira" (Desc), and known from early times : — observed by P. Browne pi. 31, Jacquin am. pi. 122, 

 Macfadyen, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies, common in woods and along river courses, as well 

 as in waste places. The hairs on its pods, constituting the exported drug, are according to Lindley 

 "a mechanical anthelmintic." 



Bromelia ananas of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The pine- 

 apple, called in Brazilian "nana" ( Marcgr.), in the West Indies " yayama " (Ovied.), in Carib 

 "yayonua" or "boniama " (Desc), in Mexican " matzatli " (Hernand.), and its fruit eaten from early 

 times : — - " a sort of fruit which looked like our green pine-apples '' (Pinus pinea cones) " hut much 

 bigger, and within full of solid meat like a melon, and much sweeter both in taste and smell, which 

 grow on long stalks like lilies or aloes, wild about the fields, and are 1 etter than those brought up by 

 art, as afterwards appeared," were seen by Columbus on Guadelupe in T493, and on a subsequent 

 voyage at Veragua (F. Columb. 47 to 96) : B. ananas was observed in Tropical America by Oviedo 

 hist. gen. pi. 13, three varieties cultivated bv the natives ; also by Thevet, J. Acosta, and Hughes ; 

 by Marcgraf 33, wild and bearing seeds in Brazil ; by Martius, wild in the catingas of Bahia (A. Dec.) ; 

 by Humboldt and Bonpland, wild with some seeds on the Upper Oronoco ; by Hernandez 311, wild 

 in the warm hilly region of Mexico By European colonists, was carried Westward across the 

 Pacific to the Philippines, where it continues abundantly cultivated and is called in Tagalo "pifia" 

 (Blanco) ; to China, cultivated according to Kirch er 253 and supposed to have come from Peru ; to 

 Java before 1599 (C. Acosta, and Clus ), and observed by Rumphius v. 22S seemingly wild on 

 Celebes; to Burmah, called there "na-nat" (Mason): to Bengal "in 1504111 the reign of Akbar " 

 (hind, hist., and Royle ill. 376), is called in Sanscrit " anarush " (Pidd.), in Bengalee "anaras," in 

 Hindustanee " anannas '" (D'rozar. ), was observed by Turner seemingly wild in jungles near Teshoo- 

 Loomboo, occurs also seemingly wild on Ceylon (Royle), was observed bv Rheede xi. 6 in Malabar 

 and called " kapa-tsjakka," by Graham " in gardens " at Bombay, but I was told does not succeed ; 

 to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by myself naturalized on Zanzibar. Transported to Europe, 

 fruit was shown to the emperor Charles V. (J. Acost.) ; the plant is described also by Monardes 



(Desc ), and known from early times : — in the West Indies (Pers.) ; observed there by Descourtilz. 

 Transported to Europe, is described by Commelyn hort. i pi. 108, and is termed " e. spinosa " by 

 Miller (Steud.). If the species observed by myself planted on Zanzibar, a magnificent flowering tree, 

 probably the finest of its tribe. 



Cczsalpinia coiiaria of the Northern shore of South America. An unarmed Leguminous tree 

 twenty-five or thirty feet high, its ripe pods called " libidibi " and used in preparing leather: — ob- 

 served by Jacquin am. pi. 175 on the seashore from Carthagena to Curacao (Pers.) ; and known to 

 grow as far as Hayti (Drur.). By " Wallich twenty-five years ago " introduced into Hindustan, 

 where according to Drury it has now become "extensively distributed," its pods being "considered 

 superior to any other material used in the " country for tannine. 



Dicypellium caryophyllatum of Eastern Equatorial America. A Lauraceous tree called by 

 French colonists " bois de rose," in Carib " licari kanali " (Lindl.), and its hot peppery clove-like 

 bark known from early times, — having "powerful tonic properties :" observed by Aublet, pi. 121 in 

 the Guayana forest; by Martius, extending into the Brazilian forest (Nees handb. ii. 435). 



Euphorbia hirta of Tropical America. A weed called in Carib " araouebara, caatia " or " alaou- 

 rou coulri " (Desc), and known from early times : — observed by Descourtilz troublesome in the 

 West Indies. Probably by European colonists carried across the Pacific to the Malayan archipelago, 

 termed " esula esculenta " by Rumphius vi. pi. 23; to Burmah, but enumerated as indigenous by 

 Mason; to Hindustan, observed by Ainslie ii. 99, and Roxburgh, by Graham as far as Bombay, "a 

 very common weed, springing up on garden walks etc.," by Burmann pi. 104 on Ceylon. 



