OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 675 



iii. 4, and continues in greenhouses, not succeeding in the open air even as far South as Egypt 

 (Hasselq., and Clot-Bey). By European colonists also, was carried to Guinea (Clus., and R. Brown); 

 and subsequent to the visit of Forster, to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself on Taheiti 

 naturalized, on the Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, and at Sydney in Australia. 



" 1033 A. D." (Nicol.), in Spain, Sancho III. the Great succeeded as king of Castile by Ferdi- 

 nand. Who marrying Sanctia, daughter of the king of Asturias and Leon, added these provinces to 

 his dominions. 



" June 29th, about mid-day " (Blair), great eclipse of the sun. Observed in France. 



" 1034 A. D." (Alst.), Romanus II. succeeded by Michael IV. Paphlago, forty-second Byzantine 

 emperor. 



" The same year " (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes XX. succeeded by Benedictus IX., eighty-third 

 archbishop. 



One hundred and sixtieth generation. May 1st, 1034, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 

 writer Benjamin ben Serach : the Arab writers, Ebn Wand, Alhazen: the Greek writers, Eugesippus, 

 Georgius Cedrenus d. 1057, Symeon Sethus, Petrus Antiochenus d. after 1053, Michael Cerularius d. 

 1058, Nicon d. 1060 : Merboldus ; Campanus of Novarro ; Glaber Radulphus ; Franco; Humbertus 

 Cardinalis, Adelmannus, Haymo of Canterbury. 



" In this .year " (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Kurma Kesari succeeded by Matsya 

 Kesari, now king of Orissa. — He built the great bridge over the Atharanala at Puri (existing to this 

 day), and reigned " sixteen years." (According to Stirling, the bridge was built by Kabir Narsinh 

 who reigned 1 282-1307.) 



" The same year" (Nicol.), Malcolm II. succeeded by Duncan, as king of Scotland. 



" 1035 A. D." (Blair, and Nicol.), in Spain, the kingdom of Arragon established by Ramirez. 



" 1036 A. D." (Nicol.), Canute II. succeeded by his son Harold, seventeenth king of England. 



"The same year" (art de verif.), Daher succeeded by Mostanser, of the Fatimite dynasty, fifth 

 sultan of Egypt. Gold coins issued by Mostanser, are figured in Marcel p. 118. 



Amomum grana-paradisi of Equatorial Africa. " Fulful elsudan " a kind of pepper from Aethi- 

 opia, is mentioned by Ebn Wafid, — and "shushamir" is further given by Ebn Baitar as the Persian 

 name of grains of paradise (Sonth.) : called according to Delile in the drug-shops of Egypt "tyn 

 el-fyl." Farther North, " grana paradisi " are mentioned by Franciscus Pedemontium f. 133 ; but at 

 the present day are imported direct from Western Equatorial Africa under the name of malagueta 

 pepper or Guinea grains. According to Lindley, the plant grows near Sierra Leone, and the seeds 

 are hot and acrid, " powerfully aromatic, stimulant, and cordial." I found the seeds exported also 

 from Africa Eastward, across the Indian Ocean. 



" 1037 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Itsi-dsio II. succeeded by his younger brother Go- 

 siu-saku or Go-ziu-ziak, sixty-ninth dairo of Japan.* 



" 1039, March 17th" (Nicol.), Harold succeeded as king of England by the king of Denmark, 

 Hardicnut or Hardicanute. 



"The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), Conradus II. succeeded by his son Henricus III. Niger, 

 sixth emperor of Germany and Italy. 



* Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis of the Philippines. The shoe flower or rose Hibiscus, a small orna- 

 mental tree, is called in Tamil "sapatoo cheddie," in Telinga " dasanie," in Bengalee "juva" (Drur.), 

 in Burmali"" khoung-yan " (Mason), in Tagalo and Pampango and Bisaya "cayanga" or "tarocanga" 

 or " tacorangan " or "arogangan" or " tapolanga " or " antolanga," and the double-petaled var. 

 "gomamila" (Blanco) : the "fou-sang" from which Japan is said to have been named on account of 

 its beauty, — described also by Li-chi-tchin, is referred here by Klaproth (introd. ann. Jap.): H. 

 rosa-Sinensis is known to grow also in China, where garlands and festoons of its flowers are employed 

 on festive occasions, and during funeral rites ; also in Anam, where its leaves are used medicinally 

 (Drur.) ; was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, in one locality producing simple flowers with 

 perfect fruit, elsewhere very generally planted for ornament around native dwellings, its flowers stain- 

 in<y leather black ; by myself, on the Feejeean, Samoan, and Taheitian Islands, planted by the natives 

 for ornament, remaining in abandoned clearings, and even met with in wild situations. Westward, 

 wreaths of " djava " flowers are mentioned by the Hindu poet Harivansa 122 : H. rosa-Sinensis was 

 seen on Java by Bontius in 1630 and termed " rosa batavico-indica " (Piso) ; by Mason v. 416 to 756 

 " exotic " in Burmah, several varieties cultivated, the flowers used for blacking shoes ; by Rheede ii. 

 pi. 17 and vi. pi. 43, in Malabar; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, Graham, and Drury, in gardens 

 throughout Hindustan; by myself, a planted tree in front of the lesser cave-temples at Karli, and 

 flowers among temple-offerings to the end of my journey. By European colonists, was carried to the 

 Mauritius Islands, where it has become frequent in gardens (Boj.); and to Northeast America, where 

 it continues in greenhouses. 



