676 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" In this year (= 432 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), sultan Masaud defeated at Zendecan near Merv 

 by Toghral Beg and the Seljuks, the first horde of Tartars that acquired possessions South of the 

 Oxus. Masaud retreated to Ghazni, and across the Indus, — where in the following year he was 

 dethroned and put to death. His son Modud, having married a granddaughter of Togh.-Beg, was 

 enabled to recover Ghazni and maintain his authority. 



" 1040 A. D." (Nicol.), Duncan succeeded by Macbeth, as king of Scotland. 



" In the Eleventh century " (Pouchet), the whalebone procured along the Atlantic coast of Europe 

 appears to have been claimed and regarded as the special property of the feudal chiefs. — This is 

 expressed in charters of the time of Edward II. The " nordhval " of the Norwegians and Icelanders 

 of the Twelfth century is clearly the right -a'hale Balaena mysticetus ; the mystery as to its food, 

 being of course due to filtration through the bands of whalebone in the mouth. 



"1041, June 8th" (Nicol.), accession of Edward III. the Confessor, son of Ethelred II., and 

 now nineteenth king of England. 



11 The same year" (Alst.), Micha,el IV. succeeded by Michael V. Calaphata, forty-third Byzantine 

 emperor. 



"The same year" (Nicol.), several synods in France. And in one, ordained that "from Wed- 

 nesday evening until Monday morning, no one should take anything by force, nor revenge an injury. 



" 1041-S A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii), printing with moveable types practised in China. 



" 1042 A. D." (Alst.), Michael V. succeeded by Constantinus X. Monomachus, forty-fourth 

 Byzantine emperor. 



" 1043 A. D. (= 435 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), the Panjab overrun by the Hindu king of Delhi, 

 who captured Nagarcot and laid siege to Lahore. This last Muslim stronghold was saved by the 

 bravery of the garrison, and a false report of the approach of sultan Modud. 



Carissa spinarmn of Tropical Eastern Asia. An allied species called in Japan " sonoki," or by 

 some persons "fira" or " virasi " (Thunb.) ; and (notwithstanding C. carandas was always brought 

 to \V. Jones) probably the " carcandhu " of the Amara-cosha, — and Jayadeva, lips compared with 

 the red lustre of its fruit by Kalidasa sacont. : C. spinarum is described by Rumphius vii. pi. 19 ; was 

 observed by Graham " in gardens" around Bombay, "very beautiful when covered with bright red 

 fruit," which '' makes good tarts." Farther East, was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, 

 cultivated in vases, and in rare instances springing up spontaneously. 



" 1044 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus IX., the last archbishop who in his Bulls 

 used the years of the German emperors, succeeded by Gregorius VI. 



" 1046 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Go-siu-saki succeeded by his eldest son Go-reisei or 

 Rei-sei 11., seventieth dairo of Japan. 



" The same year " (Marcel 106), the mosque of Amru at Fostat near Cairo, repaired by order of 

 sultan Mostanser. 



"About Christmas" (Alst. p. 352, and Nicol.), a synod at Sutri near Rome. Gregorius VI. was 

 deposed, Clemens II. elected his successor, and the law renewed, making the consent of the emperor 

 indispensable to elections of the archbishops of Rome. 



" 1048 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Clemens II. succeeded by Damasus II., eighty-sixth 

 archbishop. 



" In the middle of the Eleventh century" (E. A. Soph.), first appearance of the English at Con- 

 stantinople, as battle-axe men forming a part of the emperor's body-guard and called " Varaggoi : " 

 they are termed Kelts by Cedrenus ii. 613 ; " barbarians from Thule," by Anna Comnena i. 120 

 (compare Burray in the Shetland Islands) ; and according to Curopalates 57, spoke " igklinisti," 

 English. 



" 1049 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Damasus II. succeeded by Leo IX., eighty-seventh 

 archbishop. 



" In this year (= 441 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Modud succeeded by his brother Abul Hasan, 

 now sultan of Ghazni. 



" 1050, May 2d " (Alst.. and Nicol.), a synod convened at Rome. The opinions of Berenger on 

 transubstantiation were opposed by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury (regarded as the earliest scho- 

 lastic theologian). 



" The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Hermannus Contractus. 



" In this year " (= 1192 — " 142 years " of Abul-Fazil, Wilford as. res. ix. 170), the city of Delhi 

 on the Ganges founded by Raya-sena, head of the Tomara dynasty : or according to Elphinsione iv. 

 conquered by Visal, Hindu king of Ajmir, and ancestor of Prithui. 



In this year (= "400 -\- 650 yrs." of Bigandet, Max Mull, p. xvi), the transcribed Budhist 

 scriptures and other writings of Budhaghosha carried from Cevlon to Pagan in Burmah. 



" 1051 A. D." (Humb. atl. pict), pestilence and destruction among the Toltecs : who now push 

 their migrations farther South. 



