OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 677 



Carica papaya of Panama. Called by Portuguese colonists, "papay" or "mamocira" (Marcgr.), 

 in Carib « abapaye " or "aleule" " or " al^le - " (Desc), and from early times cultivated for its fruit* — 

 (Humb. iv. 9) : the " bigos del mastuerzo " was known to Oviedo nat. hyst. 70 as growing on the 

 Panama Isthmus ; C. papaya was observed by Ximenes in Mexico (Marcgr. 104); by Beechey 425, 

 at Realejo in Mexico ; by Squier (as he informed me) to all appearance indigenous in Nicaragua; by 

 Hernandez 99, seemingly indigenous on Hayti ; by Sloane on Jamaica, according to Browne indige- 

 nous there ; by Marcgraf " in 1648 " in Brazil, the female plant chiefly in gardens and the male plant 

 in the woods, but so far as observed by myself in Southern Brazil a decidedly introduced plant. Pos- 

 sibly by Polynesians, was carried to the islands of the Pacific, where it seems' to have been distributed 

 after the visit of Foster; was observed by myself very generally cultivated by the natives on Metia, 

 Taheiti, the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and according to Hale is called in 

 Feejeean, " walete." Clearly by European colonists, was carried across the Pacific to the Philippines, 

 where it is called in Tagalo " papaya " (Blanco) ; to the neighbouring islands, introduced by the Portu- 

 guese (Rumph. i. 147) ; to Anam and Tropical China (Boymius, and Lour.); to Burmah, called there 

 "them-bau-thee" (Mason); to Hindustan, called in Hindustanee and Bengalee "pepeya," in Tamil 

 "pappali-marum," in Malabar " pappoia-umbbalay-marum " (Drur.), observed in Malabar by Rheede i. 

 pi. 15, by Graham, as far as Bombay, and now cultivated throughout, its milky juice a powerful vermi- 

 fuge, possessing besides the peculiar property of rendering meat tender (Ainsl., Roxb., Drur., and 

 Lindl.) ; to Yemen, called there " amba bind!" Indian mango (Forsk.) ; to Eastern Equatorial 

 Africa, observed by myself on Zanzibar. From " Inde Orientale " brought to Europe by de Valle "in 

 1626," is described by Columna pi. (A. Dec.) ; and recently, according to Clot-Bey, has been suc- 

 cessfully cultivated in Egypt ; probably from America, was carried to Western Equatorial Africa (R. 

 Brown cong.), and the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 



" In this year (= 443 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Abul Hasan succeeded by Abul Rashid, now 

 sultan of Ghazni. He recovered the Panjab, which had been seized by a Muslim chief. 



"1052 A. D. (= 444 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Abul Rashid succeeded by Farokhzad, now 

 sultan of Ghazni. He gained advantages over the Seljuk Tartars until checked by Alp Arslan. 



In this year (= " 1027 -|- 25 yrs." of Kalhan. hist. Cash., H. H. Wils.), Samgrama succeeded by 

 Harir, and after " twenty-two days " by Ananta as king of Cashmere. 



" 1053, June iSth " (Blair), archbishop Leo IX. defeated in the kingdom of Naples by the Nor- 

 mans, and taken prisoner. 



" In or about this year " (Way pref. pr. pm.), the vocabulary called Elementarium compiled by 

 Papias. — It appears to be the ground-work of the dictionary of Uguitio or Hugo. 



" 1055 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo IX. succeeded by Victor II., eighty-eighth arch- 

 bishop. 



"The same year" (Alst.), Constantinus X. succeeded by his widow Theodora Porphyrogenita, 

 as ruler of the Byzantine Empire. 



* Mammca A?nericana of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. A 

 Calophylloid tree called by Spanish and English colonists mammee or mamee, by French "abricotier 

 d'Amerique " (A. Dec), and its fruit eaten from early times: the " mamei " — was observed by 

 Columbus in 1502 on first visiting Veragua, growing upon very high trees, tasting "like a peach" 

 and " as big as a large lemon, and every one" having " two, three, and some nine stones," known 

 also in the West Indies (F. Columb. 96) : the "mamey '' is described and figured by Oviedo nat. 

 hyst. 62 and gen. hist. viii. 20 : M. Americana was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 217, and Macfadyen, 

 wild in the West Indies; by Jacquin am. pi. 182, wild on the neighbouring portion of South America; 

 is also cultivated, but does not appear to have been carried to other countries (A. Dec). According 

 to Lunan, and Lindley, its " bark abounds in a strong resinous gum, used by negroes for extracting 

 chigoes from their feet." 



Cereus pitayaya of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. An upright 

 cactus bearing edible fruit, known from early times : the " pitahaya " — is described by Oviedo gen. 

 hist. viii. pi. 23, and its fruit pronounced wholesome ; was observed by Guzman on Puerto Rico 

 (soc. Hackl.) ; and is known to grow in maritime thickets at the Northern extreme of South America, 

 near Carthagena (Jacq., and Pers.). 



Crescentia cujete of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The cala- 

 bash tree called in Mexico " tecomate " (Blanco), and known from early times : — the " higuero " is 

 described by Oviedo nat. hyst. 73 as a tree bearing " calabacas redondas " used for drinking-ves- 

 sels the natives on the greater part of Tierra firme having no other kind : C. cujete was observed 

 by Plumier 23, Swartz obs. 234, and Jacquin am. pi. in, on the West Indies and neighbouring main- 

 land. 



