OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 679 



of Normandy hearing of civil war among the Muslim population of Sicily, crossed over and obtained 

 the government. — Coins issued by the Norman kings of Sicily, and bearing bi-lingual inscriptions, 

 Latin and Arabic, are figured in Marcel p. 120. 



Serapion at this time writing. — He died "after 1068." 



Geranium columbinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dove's 

 foot (Prior), and probably the " pede columbino " supposed by Serapion to be identical with the 

 "amomum" — (G. robertianum ; see J. Jacobi de Manliis): G. columbinum is termed "g. c. dissectis 

 foliis pediculis florum longissimis " by Tournefort inst. 268 ; and is known to grow throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Denmark (Cav. iv. pi. 82, Vaill. paris. pi. 15, fl. Dan. pi. 1222, and Pers.). East- 

 ward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was 

 carried to Chili, observed by Molina employed medicinally and called " corecore," by myself, seem- 

 ingly wild throughout from the coast to the Andes, subscandent with small purple flowers. 



Centaurea (ylmberboa) moscliata of middle Asia. Called in the environs of Bombay " shah 

 pusund " sweet sultan (Graham), in Egypt " ambar " (Forsk.) or " a'nbar " (Del.) ; and the " mos- 

 cliata " of Serapion — (Trag. i. 24) may be compared : C. moschata was observed by Forskal p. liii, 

 and- Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, fragrant and coronary ; by Graham, " in gardens '' at Bombay, 

 flowering " chiefly during the cold season ; " by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan. Transported to 

 Europe, is described by Morison vii. pi. 25. 



Rumex aipinus of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe as far as the Crimea and Cau- 

 casus. Called in Britain monks rhubaib (Lindl.), in Germany "munch rhabarbarum," and described 

 by Serapion — according to Fuchsius 460 : R. aipinus was mistaken by the commentators on Mesne 

 for a rhubarb, and hence according to Parkinson the European names, but a different reason is 

 assigned by Tabernaemontanus S24 (Prior) ; is termed " lapathum foliis amplis " by Clusius hist. ii. 

 69, " 1. folio rotundo alpinum " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; is known to grow wild on the Pyrenees and 

 the mountains of Switzerland and North Germany (Koch, and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp 

 on mountains from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also in the 

 Crimea and on Caucasus (Lindl.) ; was formerly cultivated in Britain and its root used medicinally, 

 and has recently been found springing up spontaneously in seven different localities (Wats ) ; in 

 Switzerland also, occasionally occurs around dwellings (A. Dec). The root according to Lindley is 

 "purgative like rhubarb, only in a much less degree." 



Cakile mariiima of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. An annual called 

 in Britain sea-rocket (Prior), in Egypt " rechad el bahr " or " figl el-gemel " (Del.), and described by 

 Serapion — (Gaertner, and Steud.) : the "genus erucae " of Caesalpinus viii. 63 growing in maritime 

 sands, having thick fleshy leaves, and short angular pods used against renal calculus, clearly corre- 

 sponds : C. maritima was observed by Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt ; 

 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands ; by Scopoli, along the 

 Adriatic (Steud.) ; is termed "c. maritima" by Tournefort cor. 49 ; and is known to grow along the 

 Atlantic as far as Denmark and Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 1168, and Wats.). Westward, was observed by 

 Hooker on Iceland ; by Baldwin, on Bermuda ; by myself, on our Atlantic seashore from 45 to 39 ; 

 by Pursh, as far as Virginia ; by Eliot, and Chapman, as far as South Carolina; by Humboldt, on 

 Cuba; and by Nuttall, on the shores of the Lakes of the St. Lawrence. 



" The same year " (Nicol.), in a synod in London, full immunity granted to the Abbey of West- 

 minster by Edward III. 



Delphinium consolida of middle Asia. Called in Britain larkspur, in Germany " feld-ritter- 

 sporn," in Italy "consolida regale " or "speronelle salvadeghe " or "fior capuccio selvatico " (Lenz), 

 and ficured in manuscript V of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 160 — (according to Harley and Cock- 

 ayne) : D. consolida is described by Gesner hort. f. 265 (Spreng.) ; is termed " d. segetum flore 

 caruleo " by Tournefort inst. 426; and is known to occur as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Ray, fl. Dan. pi. 683, and Lam. fl. fr.). Eastward, 

 was observed by Forskal at the Dardanelles ; but occurring in wilder situations towards Caucasus 

 (Griseb. and Bieb.), is regarded by A. Decandolle as probably derived originally from that quarter. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a garden flower, and 

 in Virginia and Carolina is becoming naturalized (A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; to the Mauritius Islands, 

 observed in o-ardens by Bojer. "A tincture of the seed" has "been recommended in asthma," and 

 " the leaves and stalks are said to enter into the composition of some cosmetics " found according to 

 Burnett to be destructive to the skin (Lindl.). 



" 1066, Jan. 5th" (Blair, and Nicol.), death of Edward III., after naming Harold II. son of the 

 earl of Kent, as his successor. 



"Oct. 14th" (Blair, and Nicol.), Harold II. defeated and slain in battle at Hastings by invading 

 Normans : their leader William becoming twenty-first king of England and the head of a new 

 dynasty. That the country was conquered, — appears from the freedom granted by a synod some 



