682 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" 1084 A. D. = 7th year of the ' youan-foung ' of Chin-tsoung " (Chinese chron. table), begin- 

 ning of the Sixty- third cycle. 



The poet Damodara* among the many writers patronized by the Hindu king Bhoja or Vicrama — 

 (Bhoj.-Prab., and H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 373). 



" 1085, January " (Nicol.), in a synod at Rome, the excommunication of Henricus IV. by Hilde- 

 brand declared null. " May 25th," death of Hildebrand. 



Instructions for the use of oil in painting " accipe semen lini," given by the monk Teofilo, called 

 Ruggiero. — An oil-fainting by Filippo Tesauro dated " 1309," is extant; also another, somewhat 

 later, by Stefanone (Bryan diet, paint.). 



"10S6 A. D. = 'youan-yeou,' 1st year of Tchi-tsoung, of the Soung " or Twenty-first dynasty 

 (Chinese chron. table). The "Ten precepts," each in two Chinese characters, were composed and 

 presented to him by his minister Liu-koung-tchu. 



" In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), the Chinese statesman See-ma-kuang writing his poem "The 

 Garden." 



"May 24th" (Alst, and Nicol.), cardinal Desiderio, under the name of Victor III., elected 

 second pope. 



In this year (Pouchet), Constantinus Afer writing on Medicine. — He died "in 1087." 



Goititina acaulis of the alpine portion of Switzerland. Called there " bitterwurz," by the Ital- 

 ians "gariofonaria," and the "cantabrica" of Constantinus, — and Zwinggerus, is referred here by 

 Gesner ii. fig. S6 : G. acaulis is termed by him " g. minima floribus maximis," and was observed by 

 him on the higher portion of the Alps ; by myself, on the crest of the St. Gothard Pass ; is termed 

 "g. alpina magno flore " by J. Bauhin iii. 523, "g. grandiflora " by Persoon. (See Convolvulus can- 

 tabrica). 



Pastinaca secaail of the East Mediterranean countries. The OCuLCek of Constantinus 

 352 — is referred here by Sprengel : the "secacul" of the Arabs is mentioned by Christoph. de 

 Honestis comm. Mesul: P. sacacul was observed by Rauwolf, and Russel, in Syria. From trans- 

 ported specimens is described by Miller, and Ventenat hort. c. pi. 78. 



" 1087 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Surakawa succeeded by his second son Foricawa, 

 now seventy-third dairo of Japan. 



" The same year " (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Leo Hostiensis. 



" 1088, March 12th " (Nicol.), Victor III. succeeded by Otho of France or Urbanus II., third 

 pope. William II. Rufus ruling England; and Philip, France. 



orbicular leaves " (Graham); and the " syadanantotpala," with which the " syama " is identified in 

 the Amara-cosha, — is according to the commentator a name arising from the flowers of the "syama" 

 (Ichnoearpus) resembling those of the "utpala,'' an aquatic plant : the " utpala " is mentioned also 

 by Susrutas. and is referred to this tribe by W. Jones as. res. iv. 263 : V. Indica was observed by 

 Rheede xi. pi. 28 in Malabar ; by Graham, in " tanks throughout the Concans ; " by Roxburgh, in 

 Eastern Hindustan ; is known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried 

 to Austral Africa, and to Jamaica (Sloane pi. 252, and Pers.). 



Hydrolea Zcvlanica of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. An annual herb called 

 in Sanscrit " languli " (Pidd.), in Bengalee " kauchra ishalangulya " (Drur.) or " isholangolya " (W. 

 Jones) ; in which we recognize the " langali " of the Amara-cosha, — and Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 8: 

 H. Zeylanica was observed by Rheede x. pi. 28 in Malabar ; by Graham, on " margins of tanks 

 throughout the Concans ; " by Burmann pi. 2, W. Jones as. res. iv. 270, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 

 in marshy places as far as Ceylon and Bengal, the leaves beaten into a pulp applied to ulcers ; by 

 Mason, in Burmah ; and is known to grow as far as Java (Linn. mant. 54). 



Piper chaba of the Malayan archipelago. Imported island long pepper is called in Sanscrit 

 "chuveya '' (Pidd.) or " chuvee " or " chuvyung" or "chuvika" or " chuvikung " (Roxb.), in Benga- 

 lee and Hindustanee "choee" (Pidd.) or " chayi " or " chava " (W. Jones), in the Taleef Shereef 

 " chaab " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the " chavya " or " chavica " of the Amara-cosha — 

 (W. Jones as. res. iv. 303), and Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik. 37 : P. chaba or its fruit was seen by Jor- 

 danus in "India the Greater," by Nicolo Conli on " Sciamuthera '' (Sumatra) ; the living plant is 

 described by Rumphius v. pi. 116, and was observed in the Malayan archipelago by Blume. Accord- 

 ing to Lindley, "its properties appear to be the same as those of Piper Ionium.'' 



* Chonemorpha dickotonta ot Eastern Hindustan. A twining Apocvnous plant called in San- 

 scrit " vishulya-krit " (Pidd.); and the "visalya " of Damodara hanum.-nat. 13, a drug from the moun- 

 tains, — mentioned also by Susrutas sutr. 25 to chik. 15, may be compared : C. dichotoma is described 

 by Roxburgh ii \<> as observed by him in Bengal. " From Bengal," was introduced by Nimmo into 

 the environs of Bombay (Graham). 



