OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 683 



"The same year" (Blair), the Northern division of Portugal wrested from the Muslims by 

 Alphonso VI. of Cast.le, and bestowed by him on his son-in-law Henricus. The ori-in of the inde- 

 pendent kingdom of Portugal. 



^ 1089 A. D. (= 481 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), end of the reign of Ibrahim, sultan of Ghazni. 

 _ 1090 A. D." (Alst.), Samuel Marochianus, a convert from Judaism to Christianity, writing 

 against the Jews. b 



"Towards the close of the Eleventh century" (Hyde relat. vet. Pers. 209, and Pouchet), the 

 calendar not having been corrected in Persia for more than " four thousand " years, the astronomers 

 were assembled by Melek Shah ; and one of them, Omar Cheyam, found the length of the solar year 

 "365d. 5I1. 48m. 48s." y 



" 1091 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Leon in Spain. Gaulish writing was "substituted for that 

 of the Goths in the books of the church ; " and the Liturgy of Isidorus, ordered to be " made con- 

 formable to that of Rome." 



" In or about this year " (Garc. de la Vega, and addit. art de verif.), Sinchi-Roca succeeded by 

 his son Lloque Yupanqui, now third Inca of Peru. Who changed the policy hitherto pursued, raised 

 an army, and extended his dominion by military conquests.*— According to G. de la Vega i. 2. 18, 

 he conquered and annexed the district of Canas, South of Cuzco. 



" T092 A. D.," as appears from Karmatic inscriptions on the building (copied by Marcel p. 116), 

 the nilometer at Rhoda repaired. 



" The same year " (Nicol.), by a synod at Szabolchs in Hungary, a code of laws, civil and eccle- 

 siastical, compiled. 



" 1093 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Rheims. Robert, earl of Flanders, was " compelled to resign 

 the appointments of clerks ; " and a bishop was promised to the clergy of Arras by pope Urbanus II. 



"The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the church at Laach on the Rhine com- 

 menced. — "After many interruptions," the edifice was completed "in 1156." 



" 1094, March 1 ith and 12th " (Nicol.), decision by a synod at Rockingham castle, That " the 

 archbishop of Canterbury should not promise obedience to, or request the pall " (mantle of state) 

 "from pope Urbanus II. without the king's consent." 



"The same year" (art de verif.), Mostanser succeeded by Mostaali, of the Fatimite dynasty, 

 sixth sultan of Egypt. 



" 1095, March 1st to 7th " (Nicol.), a synod at Plaisance in Lombardy. Aid against the Mus- 

 lims was requested by the Byzantine emperor : inaugurating the Crusades ; the first one now begin- 

 ning to be preached by Peter the hermit throughout Europe. 



"The same year" (Nicol.), a synod in England. Against Anselm archbishop of Canterbury, who 

 had received the " pall " from pope Urbanus II. "without the king's consent." 



" 1096, February " (Nicol.), a synod at Rouen in France. Among other canons instituted, was one 

 prohibiting "the wearing of long hair." 



" In this year " (Sm. b. d.), arrival before Constantinople of the first Crusaders ; an undisciplined 

 body of men under Peter the hermit ; they were allowed to pass into Asia, where they were massacred 

 by the inhabitants. 



" 1097 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), a powerful army of Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon advanc- 

 ing into Asia, enabling the Greek emperor Alexius Comnenus to extend his authority over all Asia 

 Minor. 



Malva Tournefortiana of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Greece "molloha," or by the 

 Turks " Eebedjumez " (Forsk.) the npaa-opnkoxa enumerated as esculent by Hierophilus the sophist 

 De alim., — mentioned also in anon. De mens., may be compared : M. Tournefortiana was observed 

 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Gittard, in calcareous soil along the seashore from the Peloponnesus and 

 Greek islands as far as the Dardanelles. Westward, is termed " alcea minor maritima tenuifolia pro- 

 cumbens " by Hermann par. pi. 2, " a. maritima galloprovincialis geranii folio " by Tournefort inst. 

 98; and is known to grow on the seashore of Southern France and Spain (Lam. fl. fr., Cav., and 

 Pers.). 



Laserpitium aqiiihgifolium of the East Mediterranean countries. The TrenepoKvfiivov of Hieroph- 

 ilus the sophist De alim., — may be compared : L. aquilegifolium was observed by Sibthorp in shady 

 woods on the Bithynian Olympus ; and farther North and West, is known to grow on stony hills in 



* Ilex Paragtiayensis of the Upper Paraguay. A shrub indigenous there, and its leaves called 

 " mate" " or Paraguay lea collected from early times and drank in infusion, cultivated besides for the 

 same purpose by the natives, — the cultivation continuing in the same district to the present day (A. 

 Saint-Hilaire, and A. Dec). Transported to Rio Janeiro", was seen under cultivation by A. Saint- 

 Hilaire, and is termed "cassine gongonha " by Martius (Lindl.). 



