OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 685 



"The same year = 2d year ta-kouan" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 473), the provinces of Tche- 

 kiang, Fo-kien, and Kouang-toung, assigned for the admission of foreign ships : a supplementary officer 

 was sent to Tchintcheou. — The following year, foreign merchants wished to visit other ports ; and 

 after giving assurance that they had no prohibited articles, were permitted, and were furnished with 

 arms for their defence. 



As early as this date, Nicolaus Praepositus writing. He mentions Roger son of Robert Guis- 

 card — " who died in 1 1 1 1 " (Spreng.) . 



The $2i.LI2l IDUSC^t^. of Nicolaus Praepositus, — and Franciscus Pedemontium, is perhaps 

 civet (a perfume procured from a weasel-like animal, Viverra zibefha) : the "zubbad " is mentioned 

 by Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar ; the " zapStion," by Actuarius : civet was seen by Cadamosto on the 

 Gambia; by Baumgarten i. 28 in Egypt; by Alpinus iii. 15, used there medicinally; and by myself, 

 a well-known article of commerce at Mocha. The civet animal was found by Browne kept in cages 

 in Darfour, and wild farther South. 



Campanula rapunculus of middle Europe. Called in Britain rampion, in France " raiponce," 

 in medieval Latin " rapunculus " (Prior) : the r^pe SlLVeStrlS of Nicolaus Praepositus 106 — ■ 

 may be compared : C. rapunculus is described by Columna ecphr. i. p. 225 ; is termed " rapunculus 

 esculentus " by C. Bauhin pin. 92 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark and Gothland (Pers., and A. Dec). Was cultivated 

 in Europe for its esculent tubers prior to the introduction of the potato, had become spontaneous in 

 Britain before the days of Ray syn. p. 277, and is regarded by Watson as perhaps exotic there and 

 only naturalized.* 



Leontodon taraxacum of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain swine's snout or dandelion, in 

 France "dent de lion" (Prior), in Germany " ldwenzahn," in Italy " tarassaco " (Lenz), in Greece 

 " agriomaroulia " (Sibth.) or "pikraphake" (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the t &.P 2lX I CO n of 

 Nicolaus Praepositus — (identified with the "aborsus porcinus " by Marco Gatinaria), and the "ros- 

 trum porcinum " of Matthaeus Sylvaticus pand. 610 ; — a name changed according to Ortus sanitatis 

 152 to 226 by surgeon Wilhelmus to "dens leonis," continued to the present day in "a similar name 

 in nearly every European language " (Prior) : L. taraxacum is termed " dens leonis latiore folio " by 

 Tournefort inst. 468 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 228 in Barbary, by Moris in Sardinia, by 

 Lenz in Italy, and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland, 

 Spitzbergen, and Iceland (Hook., Wats., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 

 bard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and summit of Taygetus to Caria and Constantinople ; is 

 known to grow also along the Taurian mountains and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Bieb., and 

 Ledeb.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides in Japan and called " fosei," or 

 usually "fudsina" or " tsugumi gusa " or " tampopo." Farther East, is known to grow from Bering's 

 Island to the American continent, the Rocky mountains, Saskatchewan river, Melville Island, Lab- 

 rador, and Greenland (Hook., R. Brown, and Meyer), in our Northern States multiplying in grass- 

 grown clearings. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Madeira, and Mexico (A. Dec), and 

 to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 



Zacintha verrucosa of the Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Greece "ornithokoli " 

 or " karavithohorton," and the SyLVeStrlS € n d I V I \ prescribed in medicinal syrup by Nico- 

 laus Florentinus — is described by Caesalpinus xiii. 9 as springing in neglected gardens, more than 

 a cubit hio'h, branching and leafy with a yellow flower in the axils of the leaves : Z. verrucosa is 

 termed "z. sive cichorium verrucarium " by Tournefort inst. 476 ; and is known to occur in Italy and 

 Southern France (AH., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 from Crete and other Greek islands to the Peloponnesus and Mount Athos. 



" 1 1 10 A. D." (Nicol.), in a synod at Constantinople, convened against the heresy of the Bogo- 

 miles, a constitution respecting the election and duties of bishops, was published by the emperor 

 Alexis Comnena. 



" The same year " (Blair), learning revived at the University of Cambridge. 



JEgopodium podagraria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A ferulaceous plant 

 called in Britain gout-wort or ^out-weed or ax-weed or ash-weed (Mylnes, and Prior), in which we 



* Galeoisis tetrahit of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain bee-nettle or hemp-nettle or 

 hemp-deadnettle (Prior): the herbe tetrklt of Nicolaus Praepositus 125, — and Matthaeus 

 Platearius f. 251, is referred here by writers : G. tetrahit is known to occur from Switzerland to the 

 Northern extreme of Lapland in " Lat. 71 " (Martins, and A. Dec); also in Northern Asia (Wats.). 

 Possibly by European colonists carried to Iceland, where it was observed by Hooker ; clearly by 

 European colonists carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself in cultivated 

 ground from Lat. 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence throughout New England. 



