OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 703 



Ipomoea reptans of Tropical Africa and Asia. The water convolvulus is called in Tagalo and Pam- 

 pango "cangcong," in Bisaya "tancong" (Blanco), in Malabar "ballel" (Rheede) ; and the " calam- 

 bica" of Harivansa 137 — is referred here by Langlois : I. reptans was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 52 

 in Malabar ; by Graham, " margins of tanks and other moist places throughout the Concans " to and 

 beyond Bombay, the "flowers rose-coloured; " by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, and is 

 termed " olus vagum " by Rumphius v. pi. 155 ; was observed by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Blanco, on 

 the Philippines, slightly purgative but cooked and eaten by the natives, the flowers white. Westward 

 of Hindustan, by Forskal p. 44, in Yemen, " in rivulis repens " its flowers " violacei ; " by Grant, from 

 the "Equator and 2 N." to " Nile edges 18 N." 



1 133 A. D. (= 1082 -|- "50 yrs. 5 mo. 3 days" of Deccan records, Mackenzie, and Wilford as. 

 res. ix. 157), end of the reign of raja Bhoja. 



One hundred and sixty-third generation. May 1st, 1 134, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 

 writers, Abraham ben David, R. Abraham Ibn Ezra, Moses Ibn Ezra, Jehuda Halevi, Jehuda ha-Abel 

 Hedessi, Menahem ben Solomon : the Arab writers, Ebn-altalmidh, Mohammed Kaisi, Humenus, 

 Abu'l Salt Omaya d. 1 151, Albucasis, Abul Abbas Elhafits, and Artefius : the Greek writers Anna 

 Comnena d. after 1137, Bryennius d. after 1137, Joannes Antiochenus, Manasses d. about 1150, Joan- 

 nes Tzetzes d. about 11 50, Aristenus d. 1 166 : William of Malmsbury ; Geoffrey of Monmouth ; Ar- 

 noldus Brixiensis, Elizabeth of Germany, Ekbertus Treverensis : the scholastic theologians, Hugo de 

 S. Victore, Richardus de S. Victore, and Petrus Lombardus. 



" 1 135 A. D. = 13th year of the ' thian-hoei,' the name being continued by Hi-tsoung of the Kin," 

 ruler of Northern China — (Chinese chron. table). 



"1 136, October " (Nicol.), a synod at Burgos in Spain. For the introduction of the Roman ritual : 

 and to reconcile the kings of Navarre and Castile. 



" 1 138 A. D." (De Wailly pi. vi. 6), in manuscripts from this date, the full-stop or period (.) 

 placed at the end of sentences. 



"1139, April 20th" (Alst., and Nicol.), tenth general ecclesiastical Council. Assembled at the 

 Lateran in Rome, " a thousand " bishops being present, " For the re-union of the church. Thirty 

 canons were made, similar to those '' adopted at Rheims : and excommunication decreed against who- 

 ever should strike a priest, removable only by the pope. Monks were forbidden to exercise the art of 

 medicine (Humb. cosm. ii. note). 



"Aug. 29th " (Nicol.), a synod convened at Winchester by the bishop Henry of Blois. Against 

 his brother king Stephen, for requiring " the bishops of Ely, Lincoln, and Salisbury, to surrender their 

 castles." 



Martita cotula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in the North of England 

 baldeyebrow (E. Gillet), in some parts of Sweden "baldersbra" (Mallet), and the Anglo-Saxon 

 b<!i.Ld&.P herbe* — is referred here by Cockayne: the "cotula" growing in towns and along 



other species in Bengal '' curubaca" (W. Jones) ; the "kuravaka" trees of Harivansa 126, — Jayade- 

 vas vii. 23, with which according to Kalidasa ragh. ix. 32 to vikram. spring ornaments the woods with 

 beauty, may be compared : B. ciliata as observed in Eastern Hindustan is described in hort. beng. 45 

 (J. F. Wats.). 



Strobilanthus ciliata, perhaps not distinct from the preceding, is called in the environs of Bombay 

 "karwee," is further described by Graham as an erect branchless shrub growing "in great abundance 

 on the Ghauts, frequently covering acres of ground," its bright blue flowers appearing in October, a 

 " most useful plant " to the natives, who employ the stems in " mud walls and for making fences," and 

 " have a tradition that it flowers only once in ten years." Possibly was carried to the Mauritius 

 Islands, for " Barleria lupulina" is suspected by Graham to be identical. 



* Centaurea nigra of middle Europe. Called in Britain knapweed or knob-weed or loggerheads, 

 in old manuscripts " clobbewed " (Prior) : the Anglo-Saxon bOLVV€S — is referred here by Cock- 

 ayne : C. ni°ra is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow in meads in France and throughout 

 middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., Engl. bot. pi. 278, and Pers.), but according to Ledebour does not occur 

 in Siberia (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 

 in waste ground from Newfoundland throughout Eastern New England (Torr., and A. Gray). 



Hippophae rhainnoides of Northern Europe and Asia and mountains farther South. A shrub 

 called in Britain willow-thorn (Prior), in Norfolk (E. Gillet) by the Anglo-Saxon names VVI r V V I - 

 VVLe or VVVVVIVVLe — (Cockayne): H. rhamnoides is described by Linnaeus ; was observed by 

 Scopoli in Carniolia ; and is known to grow in stony mountainous situations in Central Europe, and 

 farther North, only along the seashore in Sweden (Pers., Wahl., and A. Dec). Eastward, is known 

 to grow in Siberia (Hort. Belv., and Steud.). 



Fucus nodosus of the North Atlantic. Called in Britain tang, in Danish " tag," in Frisian " mar- 



