OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 705 



successive kings has been interrupted, Koa, the thirteenth on the list, becoming the head of a new 

 dynasty : from him " the fourteenth in a direct line," Maputeva, was found reigning by Maigret. 



Eleusine Iudica of Equatorial Africa. A coarse weedy grass, having no Sanscrit name (A. Dec), 

 but called in Japan " smootali kusa " (Thunb.) ; carried to the islands of the Pacific as early possibly 

 as this date: — observed by myself abundantly naturalized on Metia, Taheiti, the Samoan Islands, 

 and Tongatabu ; but on the Hawaiian Islands regarded by intelligent natives as introduced by the 

 Whites (and admitted by residents to have increased within a few years). Westward, was received by 

 Decaisne from Timor ; was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 76 on Amboyna, and is known to occur on 

 Luzon (Kunth) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan ; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; used while young 

 for feeding cattle; by Rheede xii. pi. 78, in Malabar; by Graham, as far as Bombay; by myself, at 

 Muscat and on Zanzibar ; by Forskal p. 18 (Steud.) among the mountains of Yemen ; was received 

 by Kunth from Egypt ; was observed by Grant in Equatorial Africa, " as grazing for cattle the natives 

 esteem it, though tough, more than any other species ; " is known to grow as far as Guinea and the 

 Cape Verd Islands (Benth. fl. nigr.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands 

 (Boj.) ; to Southern Brazil (Nees fl. br.) ; to Northeast America before the visit of Michaux (Pers.), 

 has become a frequent weed in our Middle and Southern States, was observed by Nuttall in gardens 

 on the Arkansas, and seemingly indigenous along the Mississippi. 



The remote island of Rapa also ascertained by Hale through the language, to have been peopled from 

 Rarotonga: — and the intermediate islands, Raivaivai, Rurutu, and Rimatara, partly from Rarotonga 

 and partly from Taheiti : the peopling of Tupuai having taken place within two centuries (see also 

 Ellis res. Polynes. 281, and J. Williams miss. ent. 449). 



The Pauniotuan coral-archipelago is regarded by Hale ethnogr. expl. exp. p. 143 as more recently 

 peopled than the surrounding high islands ; otherwise, the Paumotuans would have taken possession 

 of those high islands. Yet the language, though in part similar to the Taheitian, contains a peculiar 

 element, " unlike any that we find elsewhere ; " many of the words being " such as are usually original 

 in a language." In the Western portion, the coral-islands are all inhabited as far as Hau or Bow; 

 but on proceeding East, uninhabited ones are met with, increasing in number until the eight nearest 

 the Mangarevan Group are all in that condition. 



"March 12th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Celestinus II. succeeded by Gerard Caccianimico, cardinal of 

 Santa Croce in Jerusalem and now Lucius II., tenth pope. 



" In this year " (Neumann note to Vahram in Orient, transl. Iond.), Edessa captured by the Turks. 

 An elegy on the event composed by Nerses Clajensis, the Armenian patriarch. 



" In or about this year" (Blair), the Aristotelian philosophy restored in Germany by Otho Frisin- 

 gensis. 



"1145, Feb. 27th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Lucius II. succeeded by abbot Bernard of Rome, or 

 Eugenius III. eleventh pope. 



As early possibly as this year (= 1225 + " 3 + 3 + several years reign," addit. art de verif.), a 

 suspension bridge six hundred feet long over the Apurimac, constructed of large woody vines by the 

 Inca Mayta Capac ; a novelty having great influence over the surrounding tribes.* 



" 1 1 47, Feb. 26th" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. The patriarch Comas was deposed. 



" After Easter " (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. " On the errors of Gilbert bishop of Poitiers respect- 

 ing the Trinity." 



"The same year" (Blair), through the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux, the Second crusade 



undertaken. 



Carex paniculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The natural tumps of this large 

 sedge are called in Britain hassocks (Prior), in which we recognize the h&SSOCU m of the founda- 

 tion-charter in the above year of Sawtrey abbey, — mentioned also in the attestation of Alex. Maufe, the 

 " hassok " identified with the " ulphus " by Galfridus pr. pm., and the " hassokes " recorded respecting 

 " the castle of Guysnes in 1465 " (Way) : C. paniculata is described by Linnasus ; was observed by 

 Savi in Italy; by Brotero, in Portugal; and is known to grow from Switzerland throughout middle 

 and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Dec, and Wats. ; see C. Virginiana). 



" December, or early in 1 148 " (Nicol.), in a synod at Treves, the writings of the abbess Hilde- 

 garde examined.'— She died " in 1 180 " (Trithem., and Spreng.). 



Poly«onu?n persicaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain peach- 

 wort ox' red-shanks (Prior), in Greece " agria pipouria " or by the Turks " pere oti " (Sibth.) : the 



* Aristolochia fragrantissima of the Eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes. A woody vine climb- 

 in"- to the tops of trees, and from early times employed by the Peruvians medicinally, applied bruised 

 fresh to bites and stings of reptiles and insects, and its stems stripped of their bark used for ropes : — 

 observed by Ruiz mem. pi., by Spanish colonists called "bejuco de la estrella" (Pers., and Lindl ). 



89 



